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A beaded preform includes a plurality of adjacently positioned beads for forming a plurality of voids in an engineered material. The beaded preforms may be comprised of a filaments (single strand of beads) and mats (two-dimensional and three dimensional arrays of beads). The filaments and mats may b

A beaded preform includes a plurality of adjacently positioned beads for forming a plurality of voids in an engineered material. The beaded preforms may be comprised of a filaments (single strand of beads) and mats (two-dimensional and three dimensional arrays of beads). The filaments and mats may be coated to become tows and laminates, respectively, which may then be assembled into composite materials. The preforms may be produced using novel manufacturing apparatuses and methods, and incorporated into known manufacturing processes to produce porous structures, including stress-steering structures, in any material including metals, plastics, ceramics, textiles, papers, and biological materials, for example.

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1. A preform for forming a plurality of organized voids in a matrix material, said preform comprising a two-dimensional array of a plurality of hollow beads, wherein at least a subset of the plurality of beads include a first center-to-center distance along a first axis and a second center-to-center

1. A preform for forming a plurality of organized voids in a matrix material, said preform comprising a two-dimensional array of a plurality of hollow beads, wherein at least a subset of the plurality of beads include a first center-to-center distance along a first axis and a second center-to-center distance along a second axis, wherein the beads are provided on a filament in at least one dimension. 2. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said beads comprise a first material different to the matrix material. 3. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said two-dimensional array comprises a plurality of filaments each comprising a group of said plurality of beads arranged along a strand. 4. The preform according to claim 1, further comprising a coating applied to said two-dimensional array to form a laminate. 5. The preform according to claim 3, wherein said plurality of said filaments arc woven to form a fabric. 6. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said two-dimensional array forms a casting feedstock. 7. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said two-dimensional array is continuous. 8. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said two-dimensional array is discontinuous. 9. The beaded preform according to claim 1, further comprising a plurality of two dimensional arrays arranged together to form a three dimensional array. 10. The preform according to claim 3, wherein at least one of said filaments includes a guide for arranging at least one filament within said matrix material. 11. The preform according to claim 10, wherein said guide comprises a cutting guide. 12. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said two-dimensional array includes a stacking guide for proper assembly with a second two-dimensional array. 13. The preform according to claim 4, wherein said laminate is continuous. 14. The preform according to claim 4, wherein said laminate is discontinuous. 15. The preform according to claim 4, wherein a plurality of laminates are arranged to form a casting feedstock. 16. The preform according to claim 4, wherein a plurality of laminates are combined to form a composite. 17. The preform according to claim 16, wherein said composite comprises a fabric. 18. The preform according to claim 4, wherein said coating includes reinforcing material. 19. The preform according to claim 4, wherein said laminate includes a perforation for facilitating matrix material flow. 20. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said preform is rigid. 21. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said preform is flexible. 22. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of beads are of varying sizes. 23. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of beads are of similar sizes. 24. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of beads comprise a spherical shape. 25. The preform according to claim 1, further comprising at least one substantially solid bead, wherein said at least one substantially solid bead comprises a bead material which is less stiff relative to said matrix material. 26. The preform according to claim 1, wherein said plurality of beads comprise a cubic shape. 27. The preform according to claim 1, wherein at least one of said beads comprises a device. 28. The preform according to claim 27, wherein said device comprises a sensor. 29. The preform according to claim 27, wherein said device comprises a monitoring device. 30. The preform according to claim 27, wherein said device comprises an actuator. 31. A preform for forming a plurality of organized areas in a matrix material to form a stress-steering structure, the preform comprising a two-dimensional array of a plurality of beads, wherein:the beads include a bead material which is less stiff relative to the matrix material, allowing the stress steering structure to operate in a stress-steering manner andat least a subset of the plurality of beads include a first center-to-center distance along a first axis and a second cen ter-to-center distance along a second axis, wherein the beads are provided on a filament in at least one dimension. 32. The preform according to claim 31, wherein said areas comprise at least one of a gas, a liquid and a solid. 33. The preform according to claim 31, wherein said beads are hollow. 34. The preform according to claim 31, wherein said beads are substantially solid. 35. The preform according to claim 31, wherein said two-dimensional array comprises a plurality of filaments each comprising a group of said plurality of beads arranged along a strand. 36. The preform according to claim 31, wherein said areas comprise homogenous areas. 37. The preform according to claim 31, wherein the bead material comprises a material which is a softer material relative to the matrix material. 38. The preform according to claim 31, wherein the bead material comprises a material which includes a modulus of elasticity which is less than a modulus of elasticity of the matrix material.