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A method is described for the formation of microcapsules which contain a liquid composition in the core, which is surrounded by a polymeric shell, membrane, or coating. The microcapsules are produced by simultaneously extruding the liquid core material along with a polymerizable liquid through conce

A method is described for the formation of microcapsules which contain a liquid composition in the core, which is surrounded by a polymeric shell, membrane, or coating. The microcapsules are produced by simultaneously extruding the liquid core material along with a polymerizable liquid through concentrically-aligned nozzles to form spherically-layered biliquid droplets, followed by energy input in the form of heat or light which causes polymerization of the outer layer. The capsules formed by this method are capable of containing a variety of liquid materials having a composition ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous.

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1. A method of encapsulating a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, which comprises:(a) generating a continuous coating, or layer, of a polymerizable liquid which surrounds a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel rangin

1. A method of encapsulating a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, which comprises:(a) generating a continuous coating, or layer, of a polymerizable liquid which surrounds a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, wherein said layer of polymerizable liquid is substantially immiscible with said liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition and,(b) inducing polymerization of said polymerizable liquid; whereby a solid polymer shell, membrane, or coating is formed which surrounds said discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition;wherein said polymerizable liquid contains a photosensitive polymerization initiator that initiates polymerization via absorption of energy in the form of light. 2. A method of encapsulating a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, which comprises:(a) generating a continuous coating, or layer, of a polymerizable liquid which surrounds a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, wherein said layer of polymerizable liquid is substantially immiscible with said liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition and,(b) inducing polymerization of said polymerizable liquid; whereby a solid polymer shell, membrane, or coating is formed which surrounds said discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition;wherein said generating step is effected by causing both polymerizable liquid and said liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, to flow through nozzles having a predetermined geometry and arrangement. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein said polymerizable liquid contains at least one reactive chemical structure which polymerize by a mechanism selected from the group consisting of:step-growth polymerization, addition polymerization, vinyl polymerization, free-radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, coordination polymerization, metathesis polymerization, and condensation polymerization. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said polymerization is a vinyl polymerization which occurs by a free radical chain growth mechanism. 5. The method of claim 1 where said energy is in the form of light which has a wavelength between 150 and 800 nanometers. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said polymerizable liquid contains a photosensitive polymerization initiator that initiates a free-radical vinyl polymerization via absorption of energy in the form of light having a wavelength between 150 and 800 nanometers. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein said polymerizable liquid also contains a thermal polymerization initiator which initiates free-radical vinyl polymerization via absorption of thermal energy. 8. A method of encapsulating a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, which comprises:(a) generating a continuous coating, or layer, of a polymerizable liquid which surrounds a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, wherein said layer of polymerizable liquid is substantially immiscible with said liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition and,(b) inducing polymerization of said polymerizable liquid; whereby a solid polymer shell, membrane, or coating is formed which surrounds said discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition;wherein said polymerizable liquid further compr ises a thermal polymerization initiator which initiates free-radical vinyl polymerization via absorption of thermal energy. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein said reactive chemical structures are selected from the group consisting of acrylic or methacrylic acids; and monomeric, dimeric, or polymeric esters of acrylic or methacrylic acids. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, contains between 0% and 100% water by mass. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein said a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition contains between 90% and 100% water by mass. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein said liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition contains between 50% and 90% water by mass. 13. The method of claim 1 wherein said liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition contains between 20% and 100% of a compound selected from the group consisting of: oils, fats, waxes, alcohols, glycols, esters, and ethers. 14. The method of claim 1 wherein said discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, contains one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of: carbohydrates; salts; proteins; lipids; vitamins; amino acids; plant, animal parts; insect parts; animal extracts; insect extracts; animal by-products; insect by-products; coloring agents; flavorings; thickeners; emulsifiers; drugs; pharmaceuticals, preservatives; pheromones; kairomones; phagostimulants; and semiochemical attractants. 15. The method of claim 1 wherein said discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely: aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition contains small living or dead organisms or microorganisms selected from the group consisting of: bacteria, fungi, viruses, molds, plankton, protozoa, nematodes, arthropods, yeasts, and algae; or eggs, spores, seeds, or parts thereof. 16. The method of claim 1 wherein said discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition contains a pesticide, fungicide, herbicide, or insecticide. 17. The method of claim 15 wherein said small living or dead organism or microorganism is a entomopathogen. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of generating a continuous coating, or layer of a polymerizable liquid surrounding a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, wherein said layer of polymerizable liquid is substantially immiscible with said liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, and is effected by causing both the polymerizable liquid and a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, to flow through nozzles having a predetermined geometry and arrangement. 19. The method of claim 1 wherein said polymerization occurs while the continuous coating, or layer of a polymerizable liquid surrounding a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, is suspended in a liquid medium. 20. The method of claim 19 wherein said liquid medium is water, or an aqueous composition comprised primarily of water. 21. The capsules produced by the method of claim 1 which are composed of a polymeric shell, membrane, or coating, which surrounds a core composed of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition. 22. The capsules of claim 21 which are generally spherical in nature and which have sizes ranging from 0.1 to 25 millimeters in diameter. 23. The capsules of claim 21 which are generally spherical in nature and which have sizes ranging from 0.5 to 10 millimeters in diameter. 24. The capsules of claim 21 which are generally spherical in nature and which have sizes ranging from 1 to 8 millimeters in diameter. 25. The capsules of claim 21 wherein said core composed of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, contains one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of: carbohydrates; salts; proteins; lipids; vitamins; amino acids; plant, animal parts; insect parts; animal extracts; insect extracts; animal by-products; insect by-products; coloring agents; flavorings; thickeners; emulsifiers; drugs; preservatives; pheromones; kairomones; phagostimulants; and semiochemical attractants. 26. The capsules of claim 21 wherein said core composed of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, contains one or more small living or dead organisms or microorganisms selected from the group which includes: bacteria, fungi, viruses, molds, plankton, protozoa, nematodes, arthropods, yeasts, and algae; or eggs, spores, seeds, and parts thereof. 27. The capsules of claim 21 wherein said core composed of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, contains a pesticide, fungicide, herbicide, or insecticide. 28. The capsules of claim 21 wherein said microorganism is a entomopathogen. 29. The capsules of claim 21 which contain a diet formulation used for the rearing of beneficial insects. 30. The capsules of claim 21 wherein said polymeric shell, membrane, or coating is sensitive to changes of pH; whereby said polymeric shell, membrane, or coating may swell, soften, rupture, or dissolve. 31. The capsules of claim 21 wherein said polymeric shell, membrane, or coating, is biodegradable. 32. A capsule comprising a solid polymer shell, membrane, or coating surrounding a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, wherein said a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition contains between 90% and 100% water by mass. 33. The method according to claim 1 wherein said polymerizable liquid comprises acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, pentyl acrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, heptyl acrylate, octyl acrylate, nonyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, tetradecyl acrylate, hexadecyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, 2-methylbutyl acrylate, 3-methylbutyl acrylate, 1-ethylpropyl acrylate, 2-methylpentyl acrylate, 2-ethylbutyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethylbutyl acrylate, 1-methylhexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 1-methylheptyl acrylate, 4-ethyl-1-methyloctyl acrylate, 4-ethyl-1,1-isobutyloctyl acrylate, allyl acrylate, 2-methylallyl acrylate, 1-methylallyl acrylate, 2-butenyl acrylate, 1,3-dimethyl-3-dibutenyl acrylate, 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenyl acrylate, 3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl acrylate, 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sec-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, isooctyl methacrylate, decyl methacrylate, n-dodecyl methacrylate, n-tetradecyl methacrylate, n-hexadecyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, allyl methacrylate, oleyl methacrylate, 2-propynyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof. 34. A method of encapsulating a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, which comprises:(a) generating a continuous coating, or layer, of a polymerizable liquid which surrounds a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, wherein said layer of polymerizable liquid is substantially immiscible with said liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in comp osition and,(b) inducing polymerization of said polymerizable liquid; whereby a solid polymer shell, membrane, or coating is formed which surrounds said discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition;wherein said polymerization occurs while the continuous coating, or layer of a polymerizable liquid surrounding a discrete small volume of a liquid or gel ranging from completely aqueous to completely non-aqueous in composition, is suspended in a liquid medium.