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Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | US-0973981 (2001-10-09) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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대리인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 90 인용 특허 : 178 |
Oligonucleotide-folate conjugates are described wherein folates are conjugated to one or more sites on an oligonucleotide including the 2′-, 3′-, 5′-, nucleobase and internucleotide linkage sites. The folate can be attached via the α- or γ-carboxylate, optionally through a linking group. Methods for
Oligonucleotide-folate conjugates are described wherein folates are conjugated to one or more sites on an oligonucleotide including the 2′-, 3′-, 5′-, nucleobase and internucleotide linkage sites. The folate can be attached via the α- or γ-carboxylate, optionally through a linking group. Methods for the regiospecific synthesis of the conjugates are disclosed. Also disclosed are nucleosidic and non-nucleosidic linkers conjugated to folic acid and related folates.
1. A synthetic method comprising the steps of:(a) providing compound of formula IA, IB, IC or ID: ?wherein: W1a is W1b?H, OH, NH2 or SH, where W1b is a linking group; R1 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; B is a nucleobase; each R21 is H, OH, F, or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH, o
1. A synthetic method comprising the steps of:(a) providing compound of formula IA, IB, IC or ID: ?wherein: W1a is W1b?H, OH, NH2 or SH, where W1b is a linking group; R1 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; B is a nucleobase; each R21 is H, OH, F, or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH, or N?R22?(R23)v R22 is C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, or C2-C20 alkynyl; R23 is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto, carboxyl, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aryl, S-aryl, NH-aryl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino, N-phthalimido, imidazole, azido, hydrazino, hydroxylamino, isocyanato, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfide, disulfide, silyl, aryl, heterocycle, carbocycle, intercalator, reporter molecule, conjugate, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, polyether; v is from 0 to about 10; or R21 has one of the formulas: wherein: y1 is 0 or 1; y2 is 0 to 10; y3 is 1 to 10; E is N(R41)(R42) or N?C(R41)(R42); each R41 and each R42 is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, or R41 and R42 taken together form a nitrogen protecting group; or R41 and R42 taken together with the N or C atom to which they are attached form a ring structure that can include at least one heteroatom selected from N and O; q is from zero to about 50, provided that when said compound has formula ID, q is at least 1; M is an optionally protected internucleoside linkage; (b) reacting said compound of formula I with a compound of formula II: ?wherein: R30 is an amino protecting group; X3 is a group of formula XII: ?wherein m is 1 or 2; R4 is a hydroxyl group, or a protected hydroxyl group; ?to form a compound of formula IVA, IVB, IVC, or IVD: ?wherein: W4 has the formula: where W1 is a linking group, O, NH, or S; and ?treating said compound of formula IVA, IVB, IVC or IVD with a deprotecting reagent to form a compound of formula VA, VB, VC or VD: ?wherein W5 has the formula: (c) condensing said compound of Formula V with a compound of Formula VI: ?wherein: R5 is H or an amino protecting group; R6 is H or an amino protecting group; ?to form a compound of Formula VIIA, VIIB, VIIC, or VIID: ?wherein W7 has the formula: 2. A synthetic method comprising the steps of:(a) providing a compound of formula IA, IB, IC or ID: ?wherein: W1a is W1b?H, OH, NH2 or SH, where W1b is a linking group; R1 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; B is a nucleobase; each R21 is H, OH, F, or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH, or N?R22?(R23)v R22 is C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, or C2-C20 alkynyl; R23 is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto, carboxyl, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aryl, S-aryl, NH-aryl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino, N-phthalimido, imidazole, azido, hydrazino, hydroxylamino, isocyanato, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfide, disulfide, silyl, aryl, heterocycle, carbocycle, intercalator, reporter molecule, conjugate, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, polyether; v is from 0 to about 10; or R21 has one of the formulas: wherein: y1 is 0 or 1; y2 is 0 to 10; y3 is 1 to 10; E is N(R41)(R42) or N?C(R41)(R42); each R41 and each R42 is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, or R41 and R42 taken together form a nitrogen protecting group; or R41 and R42 taken together with the N or C atom to which they are attached form a ring structure that can include at least one heteroatom selected from N and O; q is from zero to about 50, provided that when said compound has formula ID, q is at least 1; M is an optionally protected internucleoside linkage; (b) reacting said compound of formula I with a compound of formula II: ?wherein: R30 is an amino protecting group; X3 is a group of formula XII: ?wherein m is 1 or 2; R4 is a hydroxyl group, or a protected hydroxyl group; ?to form a compound of formula IVA, IVB, IVC, or IVD: ?wherein: W4 has the formula: where W1 is a linking group, O, NH, or S; and ?treating said compound of formula IVA, IVB, IVC or IVD with a deprotecting reagent to form a compound of formula VA, VB, VC or VD: ?wherein W5 has the formula: (c) condensing said compound of Formula V with a compound of Formula VI: ?wherein: R5 is H or an amino protecting group; R6 is H or an amino protecting group; ?to form a compound of Formula VIIA, VIIB, VIIC, or VIID: ?wherein W7 has the formula: (d) contacting said compound of Formula VIIA or VIID with a phosphitylating regent to form a compound of Formula VIIIA or VIIID: ?wherein W7 has the Formula: 3. A synthetic method comprising the steps of:(a) providing a compound of formula IA, IB, IC or ID: ?wherein: W1a is W1b?H, OH, NH2 or SH, where W1b is a linking group; R1 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; B is a nucleobase; each R21 is H, OH, F, or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH, or N?R22?(R23)v R22 is C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, or C2-C20 alkynyl; R23 is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto, carboxyl, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aryl, S-aryl, NH-aryl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino, N-phthalimido, imidazole, azido, hydrazino, hydroxylamino, isocyanato, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfide, disulfide, silyl, aryl, heterocycle, carbocycle, intercalator, reporter molecule, conjugate, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, polyether; v is from 0 to about 10; or R21 has one of the formulas: wherein: y1 is 0 or 1; y2 is 0 to 10; y3 is 1 to 10; E is N(R41)(R42) or N?C(41)(R42); each R41 and each R42 is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, or R41 and R42 taken together form a nitrogen protecting group; or R41 and R42 taken together with the N or C atom to which they are attached form a ring structure that can include at least one heteroatom selected from N and O; q is from zero to about 50, provided that when said compound has formula ID, q is at least 1; M is an optionally protected internucleoside linkage; (b) reacting said compound of formula I with a compound of formula II: ?wherein: R30 is an amino protecting group; X3 is a group of formula XI: ?wherein: p is 1 or 2; R4 is a hydroxyl group, or a protected hydroxyl group; or X3 is a group of formula XII: ?wherein m is 1 or 2; Z1 is the sidechain of a naturally occurring amino acid, or a protected sidechain of a naturally occurring amino acid; R4 is a hydroxyl group, or a protected hydroxyl group; p is 1 or 2; to form a compound of formula IVA, IVB, IVC, or IVD: ?wherein: W4 has the formula: where W1 is a linking group, O, NH, or S; and ?treating said compound of formula IVA, IVB, IVC or IVD with a deprotecting reagent to form a compound of formula VA, VB, VC or VD: ?wherein W5 has the formula: (c) condensing said compound of Formula V with a compound of Formula VI: ?wherein: R5 is H or an amino protecting group; R6 is H or an amino protecting group; ?to form a compound of Formula VIIA, VIIB, VIIC, or VIID: ?wherein W7 has the formula: ?wherein said compound of formula VI is prepared by the steps of reacting a compound of formula IX: ?with a compound of formula X: ?and treating the product of said reaction with a protecting group reagent to form said compound of formula VI. 4. A compound having formula XVIA, XVIB, XVIC or XVID: wherein:W14 has the formula wherein:X4 is ?CH(X4′) or a group of formula: X4′ is the side chain of a naturally-occurring or non-naturally-occurring amino acid, or a protected side chain of a naturally-occurring or non-naturally-occurring amino acid; t is 1 or 2; X5 is ?N(X6′)C(O)?, ?C(O)NH?, ?NHC(O)?, ?OC(O)NH?,?C(S)NH?, ?SC(S)NH?, ?SC(O)NH?, ?OC(S)NH?, ?C(O)O?, ?C(O)(CH2)n? or a bond; n is an integer from 1 to 50; each X6 and X6′ is, independently, a bond, hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group selected from C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C6-C14 aryl, C6-C14 aralkyl, C3-C14 cycloalkyl, C5-C14 fused cycloalkyl, C4-C14 heterocycle, C4-C14 heterocyclylalkyl, C4-C14 heteroaryl and C4-C14 heteroarylalkyl; wherein said hydrocarbyl group is substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, and is optionally substituted with oxo, acyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, amido, azido, aryl, heteroaryl, carboxylic acid, cyano, guanidino, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydrazino, ODMT, alkylsulfonyl, nitro, sulfide, disulfide, sulfone, sulfonate, sulfonamide, thiol, and thioalkoxy; provided that X6 is not hydrogen and X6′ is not a bond; R1 is hydrogen or a hydroxyl protecting group; R4 is a hydroxyl group or a protected hydroxyl group; each R5′ and R40 is, independently, hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C6-C14 aryl or an amino-protecting group R5″ is hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C6-C14 aryl, C6-C14 aralkyl, C3-C14 cycloalkyl, formyl, aminoalkyl or hydroxymethyl; R6 is hydrogen or an amino protecting group; R20 is hydroxyl or a group of formula: R2 is ?N(R7)2, or a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl ring containing from 4 to 7 atoms, and having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen; R7 is straight or branched chain alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbons; R3 is a phosphorus protecting group; R21 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, fluoro or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH or N?R22?(R23)v; R22 is C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, or C2-C20 alkynyl; R22 is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto, carboxyl, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aryl, S-aryl, NH-aryl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino, N-phthalimido, imidazole, azido, hydrazino, hydroxylamino, isocyanato, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfide, disulfide, silyl, aryl, heterocycle, carbocycle, intercalator, reporter molecule, conjugate, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, polyether; or R21 has one of the formulas: wherein:y1 is 0 or 1; each y2 is, independently, 0 to 10; y3 is 1 to 10; E is N(R41)(R42) or N?C(R41)(R42); each R41 and each R42 is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, or R41 and R42 taken together form a nitrogen protecting group; or R41 and R42 taken together with the N or C atom to which they are attached form a ring structure that can include at least one heteroatom selected from N and O; B is a nucleobase; M is an optionally protected internucleoside linkage; q is 0 to about 50; and v is from zero to about 10; provided that when said compound has formula XVID, q is at least 1.5. A compound having the formula XIIIA, XIIIB, XIIIC or XIID: wherein:W13 has the formula: R1 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; B is a nucleobase; each R21 is H, OH, F, or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH or N?R22?(R23)v; R22 is C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, or C2-C20 alkynyl; R23 is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto, carboxyl, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aryl, S-aryl, NH-aryl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino, N-phthalimido, imidazole, azido, hydrazino, hydroxylamino, isocyanato, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfide, disulfide, silyl, aryl, heterocycle, carbocycle, intercalator, reporter molecule, conjugate, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, polyether; or R21 has one of the formulas: wherein: y1 is 0 or 1; y2 is 0 to 10; y3 is 1 to 10; E is N(R41)(R42) or N?C(R41)(R42); each R41 and each R42 is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, or R41 and R42 taken together form a nitrogen protecting group; or R41 and R42 taken together with the N or C atom to which they are attached form a ring structure that can include at least one heteroatom selected from N and O; v is from 0 to about 10; q is 0 to about 50; and v is from zero to about 10; M is an optionally protected internucleoside linkage; W1 is a linking group, O, NH or S; R20 is hydroxyl or a group of Formula: R2 is ?N(R7)2, or a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl ring containing from 4 to 7 atoms, and having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen; R7 is straight or branched chain alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbons; R3 is a phosphorus protecting group; R5 is H or an amino protecting group; R6 is H or an amino protecting group; X3 is a group of formula XII: wherein m is 1 or 2; and R4 is a hydroxyl group, or a protected hydroxyl group; provided that when said compound has formula XIIIC, at least one R21 is a group other than hydrogen, and when said compound has formula XIIIC or XIIID, q is at least 1.6. The compound of claim 4 wherein said R20 is a group of formula: wherein R2 is diisopropylamino and R3 is β-cyanoethyl.7. The compound of claim 5 wherein m is 2.8. A compound having formula XVIA, XVIB, XVIC or XVID: wherein:W14 has the formula: wherein:X4 is ?CH(X4′) or a group of formula: X4′ is the side chain of a naturally-occurring or non-naturally-occurring amino acid, or a protected side chain of a naturally-occurring or non-naturally-occurring amino acid; t is 1 or 2; X5 is ?N(X6′)C(O)?, ?C(O)NH?, ?NHC(O)?, ?OC(O)NH?, ?C(S)NH?, ?SC(S)NH?, ?SC(O)NH?, ?OC(S)NH?, ?C(O)O?, ?C(O)(CH2)n? or a bond; n is an integer from 1 to 50; each X6, X6′ and X9 is, independently, a bond, hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group selected from C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C6-C14 aryl, C6-C14 aralkyl, C3-C14 cycloalkyl, C5-C14 fused cycloalkyl, C4-C14 heterocycle, C4-C14 heterocyclylalkyl, C4-C14 heteroaryl and C4-C14 heteroarylalkyl; wherein said hydrocarbyl group is substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, and is optionally substituted with oxo, acyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, amido, azido, aryl, heteroaryl, carboxylic acid, cyano, guanidino, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydrazino, ODMT, alkylsulfonyl, nitro, sulfide, disulfide, sulfone, sulfonate, sulfonamide, thiol, and thioalkoxy; provided that each X6 and X9 is not hydrogen and X6′ is not a bond; R1 is hydrogen or a hydroxyl protecting group; R4 is a hydroxyl group or a protected hydroxyl group; each R5′ and R40 is, independently, hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C6-C14 aryl or an amino-protecting group R5″ is hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C6-C14 aryl, C6-C14 aralkyl, C3-C14 cycloalkyl, formyl, aminoalkyl or hydroxymethyl; R6 is hydrogen or an amino protecting group; R20 is hydroxyl or a group of formula: R2 is ?N(R7)2, or a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl ring containing from 4 to 7 atoms, and having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen; R7 is straight or branched chain alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbons; R3 is a phosphorus protecting group; R21 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, fluoro or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH or N?R22?(R23)v; R22 is C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, or C2-C20 alkynyl; R23 is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto, carboxyl, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aryl, S-aryl, NH-aryl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino, N-phthalimido, imidazole, azido, hydrazino, hydroxylamino, isocyanato, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfide, disulfide, silyl, aryl, heterocycle, carbocycle, intercalator, reporter molecule, conjugate, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, polyether; or R21 has one of the formulas: wherein:y1 is 0 or 1; each y2 is, independently, 0 to 10; y3 is 1 to 10; E is N(R41)(R42) or N?C(R41)(R42); each R41 and each R42 is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, or R41 and R42 taken together form a nitrogen protecting group; or R41 and R42 taken together with the N or C atom to which they are attached form a ring structure that can include at least one heteroatom selected from N and O; B is a nucleobase; M is a optionally protected internucleoside linkage; q is 0 to about 50; and v is from zero to about 10; provided that when said compound has formula XVIC, at least one R21 is a group other than hydrogen, and when said compound has formula XVIC or XVID, q is at least 1.9. A compound having formula XVIA, XVIB, XVIC or XVID: wherein:W14 has the formula: wherein:X4 is ?CH(X4′) or a group of formula: X4′ is the side chain of a naturally-occurring or non-naturally-occurring amino acid, or a protected side chain of a naturally-occurring or non-naturally-occurring amino acid; t is 1 or 2; X5 is ?N(X6′)C(O)?, ?C(O)NH?, ?NHC(O)?, ?OC(O)NH?, ?C(S)NH?, ?SC(S)NH?, ?SC(O)NH?, ?OC(S)NH?, ?C(O)O?, ?C(O)(CH2)n? or a bond; n is an integer from 1 to 50; each X6 and X6′ is, independently, a bond, hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group selected from C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C6-C14 aryl, C6-C14 aralkyl, C3-C14 cycloalkyl, C5-C14 fused cycloalkyl, C4-C14 heterocycle, C4-C14 heterocyclylalkyl, C4-C14 heteroaryl and C4-C14 heteroarylalkyl; wherein said hydrocarbyl group is substituted with at least two hydroxyl groups, and is optionally substituted with oxo, acyl, alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, amino, amido, azido, aryl, heteroaryl, carboxylic acid, cyano, guanidino, halo, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, hydrazino, ODMT, alkylsulfonyl, nitro, sulfide, disulfide, sulfone, sulfonate, sulfonamide, thiol, and thioalkoxy; provided that X6 is not hydrogen and X6′ is not a bond; R1 is hydrogen or a hydroxyl protecting group; R4 is a hydroxyl group or a protected hydroxyl group; each R5′ and R40 is, independently, hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C6-C14 aryl or an amino-protecting group R5″ is hydrogen, C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C6-C14 aryl, C6-C14 aralkyl, C3-C14 cycloalkyl, formyl, aminoalkyl or hydroxymethyl; R6 is hydrogen or an amino protecting group; R20 is hydroxyl or a group of formula: R2 is ?N(R7)2, or a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl ring containing from 4 to 7 atoms, and having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen; R7 is straight or branched chain alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbons; R3 is a phosphorus protecting group; R21 is hydrogen, hydroxyl, fluoro or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH or N?R22?(R23)v; R22 is C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, or C2-C20 alkynyl; R23 is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto, carboxyl, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aryl, S-aryl, NH-aryl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino, N-phthalimido, imidazole, azido, hydrazino, hydroxylamino, isocyanato, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfide, disulfide, silyl, aryl, heterocycle, carbocycle, intercalator, reporter molecule, conjugate, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, polyether; or R21 has one of the formulas: wherein:y1 is 0 or 1; each y2 is, independently, 0 to 10; y3 is 1 to 10; E is N(R41)(R42) or N?C(R41)(R42); each R41 and each R42 is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, or R41 and R42 taken together form a nitrogen protecting group; or R41 and R42 taken together with the N or C atom to which they are attached form a ring structure that can include at least one heteroatom selected from N and O; B is a nucleobase; M is a optionally protected internucleoside linkage; q is 0 to about 50; and v is from zero to about 10; provided that when said compound has formula XVID, q is at least 1.10. The compound of claim 7 wherein W1 is ?O?(CH2)6?NH?.11. A compound having the formula XVIA, XVIB, XVIC or XVID: wherein:W16 has the formula: R1 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; B is a nucleobase; each R21 is H, OH, F, or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH or N?R22?(R23)v; R22 is C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, C2-C20 alkynyl, C1-C20 akoxy, C2-C20 alkenyloxy, or C2-C20 alkynyloxy; R23 is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto, carboxyl, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aryl, S-aryl, NH-aryl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino, N-phthalimido, imidazole, azido, hydrazino, hydroxylamino, isocyanato, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfide, disulfide, silyl, aryl, heterocycle, carbocycle, intercalator, reporter molecule, conjugate, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, polyether; or R21 has one of the formulas: wherein: y1 is 0 or 1; y2 is 0 to 10; y3 is 1 to 10; E is N(41)(R42) or N?C(R41)(R42); each R41 and each R42 is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, or R41 and R42 taken together form a nitrogen protecting group; or R41 and R42 taken together with the N or C atom to which they are attached form a ring structure that can include at least one heteroatom selected from N and O; v is from 0 to about 10; q is 0 to about 50; M is an optionally protected internucleoside linkage; W1 is a linking group; R20 is hydroxyl or a group of Formula: R2 is ?N(R7)2, or a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl ring containing from 4 to 7 atoms, and having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen; R7 is straight or branched chain alkyl having from 1 to 1 carbons; R3 is a phosphorus protecting group; X3 has the formula XII: wherein m is 1 or 2; R4 is a hydroxyl group, or a protected hydroxyl group; and provided that when said compound has formula XVID, q is at least 1.12. A compound having the formula XVIIA, XVIIB, XVIIC or XVIID: wherein:W17 has the formula: R1 is H or a hydroxyl protecting group; B is a nucleobase; each R21 is H, OH, F, or a group of formula Z?R22?(R23)v; Z is O, S, NH or N?R22?(R23)v; R22 is C1-C20 alkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl, or C2-C20 alkynyl; R23 is hydrogen, amino, halogen, hydroxyl, thiol, keto, carboxyl, nitro, nitroso, nitrile, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, O-alkyl, S-alkyl, NH-alkyl, N-dialkyl, O-aryl, S-aryl, NH-aryl, O-aralkyl, S-aralkyl, NH-aralkyl, amino, N-phthalimido, imidazole, azido, hydrazino, hydroxylamino, isocyanato, sulfoxide, sulfone, sulfide, disulfide, silyl, aryl, heterocycle, carbocycle, intercalator, reporter molecule, conjugate, polyamine, polyamide, polyalkylene glycol, polyether; or R21 has one of the formulas: wherein: y1 is 0 or 1; y2 is 0 to 10; y3 is 1 to 10; E is N(R41)(R42) or N?C(R41)(R42); each R4 and each R42 is independently H, C1-C10 alkyl, a nitrogen protecting group, or R41 and R42 taken together form a nitrogen protecting group; or R41 and R42 taken together with the N or C atom to which they are attached form a ring structure that can include at least one heteroatom selected from N and O; v is from O to about 10; q is 0 to about 50; M is an optionally protected internucleoside linkage; W1 is a linking group, O, NH or S; R20 is hydroxyl or a group of Formula: R2 is ?N(R7)2, or a heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl ring containing from 4 to 7 atoms, and having up to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen; R7 is straight or branched chain alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbons; R3 is a phosphorus protecting group; X3 has the formula XII: wherein m is 1 or 2; R4 is a hydroxyl group, or a protected hydroxyl group; and R5 is H or an amino protecting group; provided that when said compound has formula XVIID, q is at least 1.13. The compound of claim 4 wherein said amino acid is amino caproic acid.14. The compound of claim 4 wherein said X4′ is the side chain of glutamic acid.15. The compound of claim 4 wherein said X6 has one of the formulas: wherein:SS is a solid support; X7 is O or CH2; Bx is a nucleobase, C4-C14 heterocyclyl or hydrogen; z is an integer from 1 to 50; and u is an integer from 2 to 5. 16. The compound of claim 4 wherein said R1 is dimethoxytrityl.17. The method of claim 1 wherein W1 has the formula ?O?(CH2)n?NH?, wherein n is from 1 to about 10.18. The method of claim 17 wherein n is 6.19. The method of claim 1 wherein R1 is dimethoxytrityl, A has the formula ?O?(CH2)n?NH? where n is 6, m is 2, R4 is t-butoxy, R5 is trifluoroacetoyl, R6 is ?C(?O)?CH(CH3)2, and R30 is FMOX.20. The method of claim 2 wherein R1 is dimethoxytrityl, W1 has the formula ?O?(CH2)n?NH? where n is 6, m is 2, R4 is t-butoxy, R5 is trifluoroacetoyl, R6 is ?C(?O)?CH(CH3)2, and R30 is FMOX.21. The method of claim 3 wherein said compound IX is prepared by reacting folic acid: with a reagent effective to form pterin aldehyde: andprotecting the amino group of said pterin aldehyde. 22. The compound of claim 10 wherein R4 is t-butoxy.23. The compound of claim 23 wherein R1 is dimethoxytrityl, R5 is trifluoroacetoyl, and R6 is ?C(?O)?CH(CH3)2.24. The compound of claim 23 wherein q is 0.25. A composition comprising a compound of claim 7, said composition being substantially free of a compound of formula XVA, XVB, XVC or XVD: wherein W15 has the formula: 26. The compound of claim 24 wherein R20 is a group of formula: where R3 is β-cyanoethyl, and R2 is diisopropylamino.27. The compound of claim 11 wherein m is 2.28. The compound of claim 27 wherein W1 is ?O?(CH2)n?NH? wherein n is from 1 to about 10.29. The compound of claim 28 wherein n is 6.30. The compound of claim 12 wherein m is 2.31. The compound of claim 30 wherein W1 is ?O?(CH2)n?NH? wherein n is from 1 to about 10.32. The compound of claim 31 wherein n is 6.33. The compound of claim 4 wherein said R4 is a hydroxyl group protected with C1-C10 alkyl, C2-C10 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl.
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