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Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | US-0841284 (2001-04-24) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 191 인용 특허 : 240 |
A coal formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. A mixture of hydrocarbons, H2, and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the formation to a pyrolysis temperature. Heat may increase a
A coal formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. A mixture of hydrocarbons, H2, and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the formation to a pyrolysis temperature. Heat may increase a permeability of the formation. The permeability may increase uniformly throughout the treated formation. The permeability of the treated portion may increase to a relatively high permeability as compared to an initial permeability of the untreated coal formation. The porosity of the treated formation may also uniformly increase.
1. A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising:providing heat from two or more heaters to at least a section of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from at least two of the heaters to a part of the formation such that a permeability of at least some of the part of the formatio
1. A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising:providing heat from two or more heaters to at least a section of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from at least two of the heaters to a part of the formation such that a permeability of at least some of the part of the formation increases to greater than about 100 millidarcy, wherein superposition of heat from at least two of the heaters pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation; and controlling a pressure within at least a majority of the part of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising maintaining a temperature in the part of the formation in a pyrolysis temperature range.3. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises an electrical heater.4. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises a surface burner.5. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises a flameless distributed combustor.6. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises a natural distributed combustor.7. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the part of the formation is less than about 1° C., per day in a pyrolysis temperature range.8. The method of claim 1, wherein providing heat from two or more of the heaters to at least the section of the formation comprises:heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from two or more of the heaters, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day (Pwr) provided to the selected volume is equal to or less than h*V*Cv*ρB, wherein ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein an average heating rate (h) of the selected volume is about 10° C./day. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction.10. The method of claim 1, wherein providing heat from two or more of the heaters increases a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the part of the formation to greater than about 0.5 W/(m° C.).11. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°.12. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins.13. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15.14. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen.15. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen.16. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur.17. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols.18. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds.19. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings.20. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes.21. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes.22. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises molecular hydrogen, wherein the molecular hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component at 25° C., and one atmosphere absolute pressure, and wherein the molecular hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component at 25° C., and one atmosphere absolute pressure.23. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia.24. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer.25. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 in the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar.26. The method of claim 25, wherein the partial pressure of H2 in the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well.27. The method of claim 1, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25.28. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation.29. The method of claim 1, further comprising:providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated part to hydrogenate hydrocarbons in the part; and heating a portion of the part with heat from hydrogenation. 30. The method of claim 1, further comprising:producing hydrogen (H2) and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. 31. The method of claim 1, further comprising increasing a permeability of a majority of the part of the formation to greater than about 5 Darcy.32. The method of claim 1, wherein allowing the heat to transfer increases a permeability of a majority of the part of the formation such that the permeability of the part is substantially uniform.33. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay.34. The method of claim 1, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, wherein at least about 7 heaters are disposed in the formation for each production well.35. The method of claim 34, wherein at least about 20 heaters are disposed in the formation for each production well.36. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing heat from three or more heaters to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heaters are located in the formation in a unit of heaters, and wherein the unit of heaters comprises a triangular pattern.37. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing heat from three or more heaters to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heaters are located in the formation in a unit of heaters, wherein the unit of heaters comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units.38. The method of claim 1, wherein the part of the formation comprises a selected section.39. The method of claim 1, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation.40. The method of claim 1, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation proximate to and/or surrounding at least one of the heaters.41. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the heaters is disposed in an open wellbore.42. The method of claim 1, further comprising providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated part of the formation to hydrogenate hydrocarbons in the part.43. A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising:providing heat from one or more heaters to at least a section of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from one or more of the heaters to a part of the formation to increase a permeability of a majority of the part of the formation such that the permeability of the majority of the part is substantially uniform; and controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the part of the formation is less than about 1° C. per day in pyrolysis temperature range. 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the one or more heaters comprise at least two heaters, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heaters pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation.45. The method of claim 43, further comprising maintaining a temperature in the part of the formation in a pyrolysis temperature range.46. The method of claim 43, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises an electrical heater.47. The method of claim 43, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises a surface burner.48. The method of claim 43, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises a flameless distributed combustor.49. The method of claim 43, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises a natural distributed combustor.50. The method of claim 43, wherein providing heat from one or more of the heaters to at least the section of the formation comprises:heating a selected volume (V) of the coal formation from one or more of the heaters, wherein the formation has an average heat capacity (Cv), and wherein the heating pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the selected volume of the formation; and wherein heating energy/day (Pwr) provided to the selected volume is equal to or less than h*V*Cv*ρB, wherein ρB is formation bulk density, and wherein an average heating rate (h) of the selected volume is about 1° C./day. 51. The method of claim 43, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction.52. The method of claim 43, wherein providing heat from one or more of the heaters increases a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the part of the formation to greater than about 0.5 W/(m° C.).53. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons having an API gravity of at least about 25°.54. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins.55. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15.56. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen.57. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen.58. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur.59. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols.60. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds.61. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings.62. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes.63. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes.64. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises molecular hydrogen, wherein the molecular hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component at 25° C., and one atmosphere absolute pressure, and wherein the molecular hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component at 25° C., and one atmosphere absolute pressure.65. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia.66. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein the ammonia is used to produce fertilizer.67. The method of claim 43, further comprising controlling a pressure in at least a majority of the part of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute.68. The method of claim 43, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 in the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar.69. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 in the mixture is measured when the mixture is at a production well.70. The method of claim 43, further comprising altering a pressure in the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25.71. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture from the formation and controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation.72. The method of claim 43, further comprising:providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated part to hydrogenate hydrocarbons in the part; and heating a portion of the part with heat from hydrogenation. 73. The method of claim 43, further comprising:producing hydrogen (H2) and condensable hydrocarbons from the formation; and hydrogenating a portion of the produced condensable hydrocarbons with at least a portion of the produced hydrogen. 74. The method of claim 43, wherein allowing the heat to transfer increases a permeability of a majority of the part of the formation to greater than about 100 millidarcy.75. The method of claim 43, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay.76. The method of claim 43, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, wherein at least about 7 heaters are disposed in the formation for each production well.77. The method of claim 76, wherein at least about 20 heaters are disposed in the formation for each production well.78. The method of claim 43, further comprising providing heat from three or more heaters to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heaters are located in the formation in a unit of heaters, wherein the unit of heaters comprises a triangular pattern.79. The method of claim 43, further comprising providing heat from three or more heaters to at least a portion of the formation, wherein three or more of the heaters are located in the formation in a unit of heaters, wherein the unit of heaters comprises a triangular pattern, and wherein a plurality of the units are repeated over an area of the formation to form a repetitive pattern of units.80. The method of claim 43, wherein the part of the formation comprises a selected section.81. The method of claim 43, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation.82. The method of claim 43, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation proximate to and/or surrounding at least one of the heaters.83. The method of claim 43, wherein at least one of the heaters is disposed in an open wellbore.84. The method of claim 43, further comprising providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated part of the formation to hydrogenate hydrocarbons in the part.85. A method for treating hydrocarbons in at least a section of a coal formation, wherein the section has an average permeability of less than about 10 millidarcy, comprising:providing heat from one or more heaters to the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from one or more of the heaters to a part of the formation such that heat from one or more of the heaters pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation, and wherein heat from one or more of the heaters increases the permeability of at least a portion of the part of the formation; producing a mixture comprising hydrocarbons from the formation; monitoring a composition of the produced mixture; and controlling a pressure in at least some of the formation to control the composition of the produced mixture. 86. The method of claim 85, wherein the one or more heaters comprise at least two heaters, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heaters pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heaters increases the permeability of at least the portion of the part of the formation.87. The method of claim 85, further comprising allowing heat to transfer from at least one of the heaters to the part of the formation to create thermal fractures in the formation, wherein the thermal fractures substantially increase the permeability of the part of the formation.88. The method of claim 85, wherein the heat is provided such that an average temperature in the part of the formation ranges from about 270° C., to about 400° C.89. The method of claim 85, wherein at least one of the heaters comprises an electrical heater located in the formation.90. The method of claim 85, wherein at least one of the heaters is located in a heater well, and wherein at least one of the heater wells comprises a conduit located in the formation, and further comprising heating the conduit by flowing a hot fluid through the conduit.91. The method of claim 85, wherein at least some of the heaters are arranged in a triangular pattern.92. The method of claim 85, wherein the pressure is controlled by a valve proximate to a location where the mixture is produced.93. The method of claim 85, wherein the pressure is controlled such that pressure proximate to one or more of the heaters is greater than a pressure proximate to a location where the fluid is produced.94. The method of claim 85, wherein the part of the formation comprises a selected selection.95. The method of claim 85, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation.96. The method of claim 85, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation proximate to and/or surrounding at least one of the heaters.97. The method of claim 85, wherein at least one of the heaters is disposed in an open wellbore.98. The method of claim 85, further comprising providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated part of the formation to hydrogenate hydrocarbons in the part.99. A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising:providing heat from one or more heaters to at least a section of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from one or more of the heaters to a part of the formation such that a permeability of at least some of the part of the formation increases to greater than about 100 millidarcy; controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the part of the formation is less than about 1° C., per day in a pyrolysis temperature range; and controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 in the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar. 100. The method of claim 99, wherein the one or more heaters comprise at least two heaters, and wherein superposition of heat from at least the two heaters pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation.101. The method of claim 99, further comprising maintaining a temperature in the part of the formation in a pyrolysis temperature range.102. The method of claim 99, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature in at least a majority of the part of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure.103. The method of claim 99, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction.104. The method of claim 99, wherein providing heat from one or more of the heaters increases a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the part of the formation to greater than about 0.5 W/(m° C.).105. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins.106. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15.107. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen.108. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen.109. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur.110. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols.111. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds.112. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings.113. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes.114. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes.115. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises molecular hydrogen, wherein the molecular hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component at 25° C., and one atmosphere absolute pressure, and wherein the molecular hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component at 25° C., and one atmosphere absolute pressure.116. The method of claim 99, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia.117. The method of claim 99, further comprising controlling a pressure in at least a majority of the part of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute.118. The method of claim 99, further comprising altering a pressure within the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25.119. The method of claim 99, further comprising controlling formation conditions by recirculating a portion of hydrogen from the mixture into the formation.120. The method of claim 99, wherein allowing the heat to transfer increases a permeability of a majority of the part of the formation such that the permeability of the majority of the part is substantially uniform.121. The method of claim 99, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay.122. The method of claim 99, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, wherein at least about 7 heaters are disposed in the formation for each production well.123. The method of claim 122, wherein at least about 20 heaters are disposed in the formation for each production well.124. The method of claim 99, wherein the part of the formation comprises a selected section.125. The method of claim 99, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation.126. The method of claim 99, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation proximate to and/or surrounding at least one of the heaters.127. The method of claim 99, wherein at least one of the heaters is disposed in an open wellbore.128. The method of claim 99, further comprising providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated part of the formation to hydrogenate hydrocarbons in the part.129. A method of treating a coal formation in situ, comprising:providing heat from two or more heaters to at least a section of the formation; allowing the heat to transfer from two or more of the heaters to a part of the formation such that a permeability of at least some of the part of the formation increases to greater than about 100 millidarcy, and wherein superposition of heat from at least two of the heaters pyrolyzes at least some hydrocarbons in the part of the formation; controlling a pressure in at least a majority of the part of the formation, wherein the controlled pressure is at least about 2.0 bar absolute; and producing a mixture from the formation, wherein the produced mixture comprises non-condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein a molar ratio of ethene to ethane in the non-condensable hydrocarbons ranges from about 0.001 to about 0.15. 130. The method of claim 129, further comprising maintaining a temperature in the part of the formation in a pyrolysis temperature range.131. The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling a pressure and a temperature in at least a majority of the part of the formation, wherein the pressure is controlled as a function of temperature, or the temperature is controlled as a function of pressure.132. The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling the heat such that an average heating rate of the part of the formation is less than about 1° C. per day in a pyrolysis temperature range.133. The method of claim 129, wherein allowing the heat to transfer comprises transferring heat substantially by conduction.134. The method of claim 129, wherein providing heat from two or more of the heaters increases a thermal conductivity of at least a portion of the part of the formation to greater than about 0.5 W/(m° C.).135. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 0.1% by weight to about 15% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are olefins.136. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is nitrogen.137. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is oxygen.138. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 1% by weight, when calculated on an atomic basis, of the condensable hydrocarbons is sulfur.139. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprise oxygen containing compounds, and wherein the oxygen containing compounds comprise phenols.140. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein greater than about 20% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are aromatic compounds.141. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 5% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons comprises multi-ring aromatics with more than two rings.142. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein less than about 0.3% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are asphaltenes.143. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises condensable hydrocarbons, and wherein about 5% by weight to about 30% by weight of the condensable hydrocarbons are cycloalkanes.144. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises a non-condensable component, wherein the non-condensable component comprises molecular hydrogen, wherein the molecular hydrogen is greater than about 10% by volume of the non-condensable component at 25° C. and one atmosphere absolute pressure, and wherein the molecular hydrogen is less than about 80% by volume of the non-condensable component at 25° C. and one atmosphere absolute pressure.145. The method of claim 129, wherein the produced mixture comprises ammonia, and wherein greater than about 0.05% by weight of the produced mixture is ammonia.146. The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling formation conditions to produce a mixture from the formation, wherein a partial pressure of H2 in the mixture is greater than about 0.5 bar.147. The method of claim 129, further comprising altering a pressure in the formation to inhibit production of hydrocarbons from the formation having carbon numbers greater than about 25.148. The method of claim 129, wherein allowing the heat to transfer increases a permeability of a majority of the part of the formation such that the permeability of the majority of the part is substantially uniform.149. The method of claim 129, further comprising controlling the heat to yield greater than about 60% by weight of condensable hydrocarbons, as measured by Fischer Assay.150. The method of claim 129, further comprising producing a mixture in a production well, wherein at least about 7 heaters are disposed in the formation for each production well.151. The method of claim 150, wherein at least about 20 heaters are disposed in the formation for each production well.152. The method of claim 129, wherein the part of the formation comprises a selected section.153. The method of claim 129, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation.154. The method of claim 129, wherein a pyrolysis zone is established in the part of the formation proximate to and/or surrounding at least one of the heaters.155. The method of claim 129, wherein at least one of the heaters is disposed in an open wellbore.156. The method of claim 129, further comprising providing hydrogen (H2) to the heated part of the formation to hydrogenate hydrocarbons in the part.
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