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Robust microfluidic mixing devices mix multiple fluid streams passively, without the use of moving parts. In one embodiment, these devices contain microfluidic channels that are formed in various layers of a three-dimensional structure. Mixing may be accomplished with various manipulations of fluid

Robust microfluidic mixing devices mix multiple fluid streams passively, without the use of moving parts. In one embodiment, these devices contain microfluidic channels that are formed in various layers of a three-dimensional structure. Mixing may be accomplished with various manipulations of fluid flow paths and/or contacts between fluid streams. In various embodiments, structures such as channel overlaps, slits, converging/diverging regions, turns, and/or apertures may be designed into a mixing device. Mixing devices may be rapidly constructed and prototyped using a stencil construction method in which channels are cut through the entire thickness of a material layer, although other construction methods including surface micromachining techniques may be used.

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1. A microfluidic device for mixing a plurality of fluid streams, the mixing device comprising:a plurality of device layers including a second device layer disposed between a first device layer and a third device layer; a plurality of microfluidic inlet channels that merge into a microfluidic juncti

1. A microfluidic device for mixing a plurality of fluid streams, the mixing device comprising:a plurality of device layers including a second device layer disposed between a first device layer and a third device layer; a plurality of microfluidic inlet channels that merge into a microfluidic junction channel, the junction channel being defined in the first device layer and having a characteristic cross-sectional area; a first contraction/expansion region in fluid communication with the junction channel, the first contraction/expansion region including a first aperture defined in the second device layer and including a first microfluidic expansion channel defined in the third device layer, wherein the first aperture has a characteristic cress-sectional area that is substantially smaller than the area of the junction channel, and the first microfluidic expansion channel has a characteristic cross-sectional area that is substantially larger than the area of the first aperture; and a second contraction/expansion region disposed in series with and in fluid communication with the first contraction/expansion region, the second contraction/expansion region including a second aperture defined in the second device layer and including a second microfluidic expansion channel defined in the first device layer, wherein the second aperture has a characteristic cross-sectional area that is substantially smaller than the area of the first expansion channel, and the second microfluidic expansion channel has a characteristic cross-sectional area that is substantially larger than the area of the second aperture. 2. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1 wherein each of the first aperture and the second aperture is less than about two hundred fifty microns in major dimension.3. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 2 wherein:the junction channel contains a stream of multiple fluids; upstream of the first aperture, the stream of multiple fluids flows in substantially a first direction; downstream of the first aperture, the stream of multiple fluids flows in substantially a second direction that is substantially different from the first direction. 4. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 3 wherein the second direction is at least about ninety degrees apart from the first direction.5. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1 wherein:the first device layer comprises a first stencil layer, with each of the second microfluidic expansion channel and the plurality of microfluidic inlet channels being defined through the entire thickness of the first device layer; and the third device layer comprises a third stencil layer, with the first microfluidic expansion channel being defined through the entire thickness of the third device layer. 6. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1 wherein:the second microfluidic expansion channel and the plurality of microfluidic inlet channels are defined in a surface of, but do not penetrate the entire thickness of, the first device layer; and the first microfluidic expansion channel is defined in a surface of, but does not penetrate the entire thickness of, the second device layer. 7. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 6 wherein any of the plurality of inlet channels, the junction channel, the first expansion channel and the second expansion channel are defined using one or more surface micromachining techniques.8. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1 wherein the plurality of device layers are bonded or fastened together.9. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 8 wherein the bonded or fastened layers form a substantially sealed device.10. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 1 wherein:each device layer of the plurality of device layers has an upper surface, an opposing lower surface, at least one edge, and a thickness; each device layer of the plurality of device layers is joined to at least one other adjacent device layer such that the plane of the joint is substantially parallel to the upper surface and the lower surface of each device layer; and each of the junction channel, first expansion channel, and second expansion channel is substantially parallel to the upper surface and the lower surface of each device layer. 11. A microfluidic mixing device comprising:a first device layer defining two fluid input channels and a junction, the fluid channels each having a characteristic width and converging at the junction; a second device layer defining a first fluid output channel, the first fluid output channel having a characteristic width, with a portion of the first fluid output channel overlapping the junction at a first channel overlap region; and a spacer layer disposed between the first device layer and the second device layer, the spacer layer defining a first aperture positioned at the first channel overlap region; wherein the first aperture has a major dimension that is substantially smaller than the width of each of the fluid input channels and the first fluid output channel. 12. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 11 wherein the width of each of the fluid input channels and the first fluid output channel is between about one thousand microns and about three thousand microns.13. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 11 wherein the major dimension of the first aperture is between about one hundred fifty microns and about two hundred fifty microns.14. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 11 wherein:the first device layer defines a second output channel having a characteristic width, with a portion of the second output channel overlapping a portion of the first output channel at a second channel overlap region; and the spacer layer defines a second aperture positioned at the second channel overlap region; wherein the second aperture has a major dimension that is substantially smaller than the width of each of the first fluid output channel and the second fluid output channel. 15. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 14, further comprising a plurality of directional change regions associated with the first channel overlap region and the second channel overlap region.16. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 11 wherein:the first device layer a first stencil layer, with the fluid input channels being defined through the entire thickness of the first stencil layer; and the second device layer comprises a second stencil layer; with the first fluid output channel being defined through the entire thickness of the second stencil layer. 17. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 11 wherein:the first fluid output channel is defined in a surface of, but does not penetrate the entire thickness of, the second device layer; and the fluid input channels are defined in a surface of, but do not penetrate the entire thickness of, the first device layer. 18. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 17 wherein any of the first fluid output channel and the fluid input channels are defined using one or more surface micromachining techniques.19. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 11 wherein at least one of the first device layer, the second device layer, and the spacer layer comprises a polymeric material.20. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 11 wherein at least one of the first device layer, the second device layer, and the spacer layer comprises self-adhesive tape.21. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 11 wherein:each of the first device layer, second device layer, and spacer layer has an upper surface, an opposing lower surface, at least one edge, and a thickness; each layer is joined to at least one other adjacent layer such that the plane of the joint is substantially parallel to the upper surface and the tower surface of each layer; and each of the input channels and the first output channel is substantially parallel to the upper surface and the lower surface of each layer. 22. A microfluidic mixing device comprising:a first device layer defining a first channel having an outlet, the first channel having a height dimension and a width dimension; a mixing layer defining at least one aperture in fluid communication with the outlet, the at least one aperture having a major dimension; and a second device layer defining a second channel having an inlet in fluid communication with the at least one aperture, the second channel having a height dimension and a width dimension; wherein the mixing layer is disposed between the first device layer and the second device layer, and the at least one aperture is substantially smaller in major dimension than at least one dimension of the first channel and is substantially smaller in major dimension than at least one dimension of the second channel. 23. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein the at least one aperture includes a plurality of apertures.24. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 23, further comprising a plurality of directional change regions fluidically disposed between the first channel and the second channel.25. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein at least one dimension of each of the first channel and the second channel is between about one micron and about five hundred microns.26. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 25 wherein a ratio of the width dimension to the height dimension of each of the first channel and the second channel is between about two and about ten.27. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein at least one dimension of each of the first channel and the second channel is between about ten microns and about one hundred microns.28. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 27 wherein a ratio of the width dimension to the height dimension of each of the first channel and the second channel is between about two and about ten.29. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein the major dimension of the at least one aperture is between about one hundred fifty microns and about two hundred fifty microns.30. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein:the first device layer comprises a first stencil layer, with the first channel being defined through the entire thickness of the first stencil layer; and the second device layer comprises a second stencil layer, with the second channel being defined through the entire thickness of the second stencil layer. 31. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein:the first channel is defined in a surface of, but does not penetrate the entire thickness of, the first device layer; and the second channel is defined in a surface of, but does not penetrate the entire thickness of, the second device layer. 32. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein any of the first channel and the second channel are defined using one or more surface micromachining techniques.33. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein at least one of the first device layer, the second device layer, and the mixing layer comprises a polymeric material.34. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein at least one of the first device layer, the second device layer, and the mixing layer comprises self-adhesive tape.35. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 22 wherein:each of the first device layer, second device layer, and mixing layer has an upper surface, an opposing lower surface, at least one edge, and a thickness; each layer is joined to at least one other adjacent layer such that the plane of the joint is substantially parallel to the upper surface and the lower surface of each layer; and each of the first channel and the second channel is substantially parallel to the upper surface and the lower surface of each layer. 36. A microfluidic mixing device comprising:a first stencil layer defining a first channel having an outlet; means for mixing fluids in fluid communication with the outlet; a second stencil layer defining a second channel having an inlet in fluid communication with the mixing means; a third layer disposed between the first stencil layer and the second stencil layer; wherein the mixing means includes at least one aperture defined in the third layer and having a major dimension, the aperture being substantially smaller in major dimension than a major dimension of the first channel and substantially smaller in major dimension than a major dimension of the second channel. 37. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 36 wherein the mixing means comprises a plurality of inter-layer apertures, with each aperture of the plurality of apertures having a major dimension that is substantially smaller than a major dimension of the first channel and substantially smaller than a major dimension of the second channel.38. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 37, further comprising a plurality of directional change regions fluidically disposed between the first channel and the second channel.39. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 36 wherein:the first channel has a height dimension and a width dimension; the second channel has a height dimension and a width dimension; and the height dimension of each of the first channel and the second channel is between about one micron and about five hundred microns. 40. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 39 wherein a ratio of the width dimension to the height dimension of each of the first channel and the second channel is between about two and about ten.41. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 36 whereinthe first channel has a height dimension and a width dimension; the second channel has a height dimension and a width dimension; and the height dimension of each of the first channel and the second channel is between about ten microns and about one hundred microns. 42. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 41 wherein a ratio of the width dimension to the height dimension of each of the first channel and the second channel is between about two and about ten.43. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 36 wherein the width of each of the first channel and the second channel is between about one thousand microns and about three thousand microns.44. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 36 wherein the major dimension of the at least one aperture is between about one hundred and fifty microns and about two hundred and fifty microns.45. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 36 wherein at least one of the first stencil layer and the second stencil layer comprises a polymeric material.46. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 36 wherein at least one of the first stencil layer and the second stencil layer comprises self-adhesive tape.47. The microfluidic mixing device of claim 36 wherein:each of the first stencil layer, second stencil layer, and third layer has an upper surface, an opposing lower surface, at least one edge, and a thickness; each layer is joined to at least one other adjacent layer such that the plane of the joint is substantially parallel to the upper surface and the lower surface of each layer; and each of the first channel and the second channel is substantially parallel to the upper surface and the lower surface of each layer.