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Composite hydrogen transport membranes, which are used for extraction of hydrogen from gas mixtures are provided. Methods are described for supporting metals and metal alloys which have high hydrogen permeability, but which are either too thin to be self supporting, too weak to resist differential p

Composite hydrogen transport membranes, which are used for extraction of hydrogen from gas mixtures are provided. Methods are described for supporting metals and metal alloys which have high hydrogen permeability, but which are either too thin to be self supporting, too weak to resist differential pressures across the membrane, or which become embrittled by hydrogen. Support materials are chosen to be lattice matched to the metals and metal alloys. Preferred metals with high permeability for hydrogen include vanadium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, palladium, and alloys thereof. Hydrogen-permeable membranes include those in which the pores of a porous support matrix are blocked by hydrogen-permeable metals and metal alloys, those in which the pores of a porous metal matrix are blocked with materials which make the membrane impervious to gases other than hydrogen, and cermets fabricated by sintering powders of metals with powders of lattice-matched ceramic.

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1. A hydrogen-permeable composite membrane for transport of hydrogen which is a cermet comprising a metal oxide and at least about 40% by volume of a hydrogen-permeable metal or alloy selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, Ta, Zr, and alloys thereof and which has a first surface for contacting

1. A hydrogen-permeable composite membrane for transport of hydrogen which is a cermet comprising a metal oxide and at least about 40% by volume of a hydrogen-permeable metal or alloy selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, Ta, Zr, and alloys thereof and which has a first surface for contacting hydrogen sink and a second surface for contacting a hydrogen source and wherein the first surface, the second surface or both are provided with a catalyst layer.2. The composite membrane of claim 1 which comprises a hydrogen-permeable metal selected from the groups consisting of V, Nb, Ta, and Zr.3. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal is V.4. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal is Nb.5. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal is Ta.6. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal is Zr.7. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal or alloy is an alloy of V, Nb, Ta, or Zr.8. The composite membrane of claim 7 wherein the hydrogen-permeable alloy is an alloy of one or more of the hydrogen-permeable metals V, Nb, Ta, and Zr in combination with one or more of Co, Fe, Rh, Ru, Pt, Mo, W, Ni, Al or Mg.9. The composite membrane of claim 8 wherein the hydrogen-permeable alloy is an alloy of Zr and Ni.10. The composite membrane of claim 8 wherein the hydrogen-permeable alloy is an alloy of V with Ni, Al or both.11. The composite membrane of claim 8 wherein the hydrogen-permeable alloy is an alloy of Ta with Ni, Al or both.12. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of alumina, titania, zirconia or mixtures thereof.13. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the metal oxide is alumina.14. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal is lattice matched to the metal oxide.15. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal is vanadium and the metal oxide is alumina.16. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal is vanadium and the metal oxide is alumina and wherein the composite membrane comprises about 40 vol % V and about 60 vol % alumina.17. The composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the catalyst layer of the first or second surface is a layer of Pd, Pt, Ir, Ni, Co, Fe, Mo, W, Rh, Cu, Ag, or compounds or alloys thereof.18. A membrane reactor for separating hydrogen from a mixture of gases which comprises a composite membrane of claim 1.19. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 1 which is in the form of a tube or a one-end-closed tube.20. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 1 wherein the catalyst layer is Co?Mo, Fe3O4 or combinations of Fe3O4 and Cr2O3.21. A method for separating hydrogen from a mixture of gases which comprises the step of selectively transporting hydrogen through a membrane of claim 1 from a hydrogen source to a hydrogen sink.22. A hydrogen-permeable composite membrane for transport of hydrogen which comprises a porous carrier and a substantially metallic layer blocking the pores of the carrier such that the membrane is rendered impermeable to gases other than hydrogen wherein the carrier is a metal, an alloy, or a refractory material and the metal of the metallic layer is lattice matched to the carrier material.23. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier is a refractory material made of a ceramic.24. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 23 wherein the substantially metallic layer is Pd or an alloy thereof.25. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 24 wherein the ceramic is Fe3O4 or MgO.26. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier is a metal.27. The composite membrane of claim 26 wherein the metal of the carrier is not permeable to hydrogen.28. The composite membrane of claim 27 wherein a hydrogen-permeable metal or metal alloy blocks the pores of the carrier.29. The composite membrane of claim 26 wherein the metal or alloy of the carrier is hydrogen-permeable.30. The composite membrane of claim 29 wherein a hydrogen-permeable metal or metal alloy blocks the pores of the carrier.31. The composite membrane of claim 30 wherein the metal or alloy of the carrier is the same as the metal or alloy blocking the pores of the carrier.32. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 29 wherein the substantially metallic layer is a layer of a non-hydrogen-permeable metal or alloy.33. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 29 wherein the substantially metallic layer is a layer of a metal or alloy selected from Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, Mo, Ag, Pt and alloys thereof.34. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 33 wherein the carrier is a metal or alloy selected from V, Nb, Ta, Zr or alloys thereof.35. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 34 wherein the carrier is an alloy selected from alloys of one or more of V, Nb, Ta, Zr, with one or more of Co, Fe, Rh, Ru, Pt, Mo, W, Ni, Al, or Mg.36. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 26 wherein the carrier is a metal or alloy selected from V, Ta, Nb, Zr and alloys thereof and the substantially metallic layer is a layer of aluminum.37. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier is a refractory material selected from the group of refractory materials consisting of alumina, an alumino-silicate, cordite, a spinel, MgAl2O4, magnesium oxide, mullite, and a perovskite.38. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier is a refractory material which is a metal nitride, a metal boride or a metal carbide.39. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier is a metal or metal alloy selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mo, Co, Cr, V, Nb, Ta, Zr, or alloys thereof.40. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier is a refractory material which is a ceramic comprising a mixed metal oxide containing Co.41. The membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier is a porous ceramic having the formula:A1-xA′xB1-yB′yO3-z where A is La or a Lanthanide metal or combination thereof; A′ is Na, K, Rb, Sr, Ca, Ba; or a combination thereof; B is a +3 or +4 metal cation of a heavy metal, a third row transition metal; a Group IIIb metal, or a combination thereof; B′ is a metal that induces electronic conductivity, 0?x?1; 0?y?1; and z is a number that renders the composition charge neutral.42. The membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier is a porous ceramic having the formula:A1-xA′xByO3-z where A is La or a Lanthanide metal or combination thereof; A′ is Na, K, Rb, Sr, Ca, Ba; or a combination thereof; B is a +3 or +4 metal cation of a heavy metal, a third row transition metal, a Group IIIb metal, or a combination thereof; x?1, 0<y?1, and z is a number that renders the composition charge neutral.43. The membrane of claim 42 wherein B is a combination of two first or second row metals and y is not 0.44. The membrane of claim 43 wherein B is a combination of Co and another first or second row transition metal.45. The membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier material has the formula:A1-xA′xCo1-yByO3-z where A is La or a Lanthanide metal; A′ is Sr, Ca, Ba, or combinations thereof and B is another transition metal ion; 0<x<1; 0?y<1; and z is a number that renders the composition charge neutral.46. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the carrier material is selected from the groups consisting of LaFeO3-z, LaCrO3-z, mixtures of LaFe1-yCryO3-z, BaTiO3-z CaTiO3-z, and SrTiO3-z, where 0>y>1 and z is a number that renders the compound charge neutral.47. The composite membrane of claim 46 wherein the substantially metallic layer blocking the pores of the carrier is a layer of Pd or an alloy thereof.48. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the substantially metallic layer blocking the pores of the carrier is a layer of a metal or alloy selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, Ta, Zr, Pd and alloys thereof.49. The composite membrane of claim 48 wherein the carrier is alumina and the metal or alloy blocking the pores of the carrier is V, Nb, Zr, or an alloy thereof.50. The composite membrane of claim 48 wherein the carrier is zirconia and the metal or alloy blocking the pores of the carrier is Zr or an alloy thereof.51. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the substantially metallic layer blocking the pores of the carrier is a metal or alloy foil.52. The composite membrane of claim 51 wherein the carrier is alumina.53. The composite membrane of claim 51 wherein the metal or alloy foil is a foil of V, Nb, Ta, Zr or alloys thereof.54. The composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the substantially metallic layer is a deposited layer of V, Nb, Ta or Zr.55. A membrane reactor for separating hydrogen from a mixture of gases which comprises a composite membrane of claim 21.56. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 22 wherein the substantially metallic layer is a layer of Ta, Nb, V, Zr, Ni, Co, Fe, or Mo.57. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 22 which is in the form of a tube or a one-end-closed tube.58. A method for separating hydrogen from a mixture of gases which comprises the step of selectively transporting hydrogen through a membrane of claim 22 from a hydrogen source to a hydrogen sink.59. A hydrogen-permeable composite membrane for transport of hydrogen which comprises a porous carrier made of a first material the pores of which are blocked with a second material such that the membrane is rendered impermeable to gases other than hydrogen wherein the first material or the second material, but not both, is an organic resin and the other of the first or second materials, is a hydrogen-permeable metal or alloy.60. The composite membrane of claim 59 wherein the porous carrier is an organic resin and the pores the carrier are blocked with a hydrogen-permeable metal or metal alloy.61. The composite membrane of claim 60 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal or metal alloy is selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, Ta, Zr, Pd or alloys thereof.62. The membrane of claim 61 further comprising a catalyst layer on one or both surfaces of the membrane.63. The membrane of claim 62 wherein the catalyst is Pd or an alloy thereof.64. The membrane of claim 62 wherein the catalyst is a combination of Pd with Ag or Cu.65. The composite membrane of claim 60 wherein the organic resin is a polyimide.66. The composite membrane of claim 59 wherein the porous carrier is a hydrogen-permeable metal or metal alloy and the pores of the carrier are blocked with an organic resin.67. The composite membrane of claim 66 wherein the hydrogen-permeable metal or metal alloy is selected from the group consisting of V, Nb, Ta, Zr, Pd or alloys thereof.68. The composite membrane of claim 66 wherein the organic resin is a polyimide.69. The composite membrane of claim 59 wherein the organic resin has a glass transition temperature of about 3000° C. or more.70. The membrane of claim 59 wherein the carrier is a ceramic.71. The membrane of claim 59 wherein the carrier is a porous refractory material.72. The membrane of claim 59 wherein the carrier a metal nitride, a metal boride or a metal carbide.73. The membrane of claim 59 wherein the carrier is alumina, cordite, a spinel, MgAl2O4, magnesium oxide, mullite, various alumino-silicates, a perovskite, clays, glass, organic polymers, or porcelains.74. The membrane of claim 59 wherein the carrier is a perovskite.75. The membrane of claim 59 wherein the carrier is a metal or metal alloy.76. The membrane of claim 59 wherein the carrier is a ferrous metal or metal alloy thereof, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium or alloys thereof.77. The membrane of claim 59 wherein the carrier is a porous ceramic comprising a mixed metal oxide containing cobalt.78. A membrane reactor for separating hydrogen from a mixture of gases which comprises a membrane of claim 59.79. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 59 which is in the form of a tube or a one-end-closed tube.80. A method for separating hydrogen from a mixture of gases which comprises the step of selectively transporting hydrogen through a membrane of claim 59 from a hydrogen source to a hydrogen sink.81. A hydrogen-permeable composite membrane for transport of hydrogen which comprises a porous carrier and a substantially metallic layer blocking the pores of the carrier such that the membrane is rendered impermeable to gases other than hydrogen wherein the carrier is a metal, an alloy, or a refractory material and the metallic layer is a metal or alloy foil.82. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 81 wherein the porous carrier comprises two layers of porous refractory material and the substantially metallic layer blocking the pores of the carrier is a metal or alloy foil between the two layers of porous refractory material.83. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 82 wherein the refractory material is a perovskite or a spinel.84. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 82 wherein the metal or alloy foil is a foil of V, Nb, Ta, Zr, or alloys thereof.85. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 84 wherein the refractory material comprises Co.86. The hydrogen-permeable composite membrane of claim 81 which is in the form of a tube or a one-end-closed tube.