Amorphous diamond materials and associated methods for the use and manufacture thereof
IPC분류정보
국가/구분
United States(US) Patent
등록
국제특허분류(IPC7판)
H01J-001/14
H01J-001/16
H01J-001/02
출원번호
US-0460052
(2003-06-11)
발명자
/ 주소
Sung, Chien-Min
대리인 / 주소
Thorpe North &
인용정보
피인용 횟수 :
4인용 특허 :
35
초록▼
An amorphous diamond electrical generator having a cathode at least partially coated with amorphous diamond material and an intermediate member coupled between the cathode and an anode. The amorphous diamond material can have at least about 90% carbon atoms with at least about 20% of the carbon atom
An amorphous diamond electrical generator having a cathode at least partially coated with amorphous diamond material and an intermediate member coupled between the cathode and an anode. The amorphous diamond material can have at least about 90% carbon atoms with at least about 20% of the carbon atoms bonded in a distorted tetrahedral coordination. The amorphous diamond coating has an energy input surface in contact with a base member of the cathode and an electron emission surface opposite the energy input surface. The electron emission surface can have an asperity height of from about 10 to about 1,000 nanometers and is capable of emitting electrons upon input of a sufficient amount of energy. The intermediate member can be coupled to the electron emission surface of the amorphous diamond coating such that the intermediate member has a thermal conductivity of less than about 100 W/mK and a resistivity of less than about 80 μΩ-cm at 20° C. The amorphous diamond electrical generator is a thermionic emission device having improved electron emission properties.
대표청구항▼
1. An amorphous diamond electrical generator comprising:a) a cathode having a base member with a layer of amorphous diamond material coated over at least a portion thereof, said amorphous diamond material comprising at least about 90% carbon atoms with at least about 20% of said carbon atoms bonded
1. An amorphous diamond electrical generator comprising:a) a cathode having a base member with a layer of amorphous diamond material coated over at least a portion thereof, said amorphous diamond material comprising at least about 90% carbon atoms with at least about 20% of said carbon atoms bonded in distorted tetrahedral coordination, said diamond coating being configured with an energy input surface in contact with the base member and an electron emission surface opposite the energy input surface, said electron emission surface having an asperity height of from about 10 to about 1,000 nanometers, and being capable of emitting electrons upon input of a sufficient amount of energy into the amorphous diamond material; b) an intermediate member coupled to the electron emission surface of the amorphous diamond coating, said intermediate member comprising a material having a thermal conductivity of less than about 100 W/mK and a resistivity of less than about 80 μΩ-cm at 20° C.; and c) an anode coupled to the intermediate member opposite the amorphous diamond coating. 2. The generator of claim 1, wherein the base member of the cathode is a single layer.3. The generator of claim 1, wherein the base member of the cathode includes a first layer and a second layer coupled between the first layer and the energy input surface of the amorphous diamond coating, wherein the second layer has a work function of from about 2 eV to about 4.0 eV.4. The generator of claim 3, wherein the second layer comprises a material having a thermal conductivity of greater than about 100 W/mK.5. The generator of claim 3, wherein the second layer includes a member selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ce, Sm, and mixtures or alloys thereof.6. The generator of claim 1, wherein the intermediate member comprises a material having a thermal conductivity of less than about 80 W/mK and a resistivity of less than about 10 μΩ-cm at 20° C.7. The generator of claim 1, wherein the intermediate member comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Pb, V, Cs, Hf, Ti, Nb, Zr, Ga, and mixtures or alloys thereof.8. The generator of claim 1, wherein the anode comprises copper.9. The generator of claim 1, wherein the intermediate member further comprises a thermally insulating material having a plurality of apertures extending therethrough, said apertures containing a conductive metal.10. The generator of claim 9, wherein the apertures comprise between about 10% and 40% of the intermediate member.11. The generator of claim 1, wherein the amorphous diamond coating has a thickness of from about 10 nm to about 3 microns.12. The generator of claim 1, wherein the cathode has a thickness of from about 0.1 micron to about 10 millimeter.13. The generator of claim 1, wherein the intermediate member has a thickness of from about 1 micron to about 1 millimeter.14. The generator of claim 1, further comprising an energy collector coupled to the cathode opposite the amorphous diamond material.15. The generator of claim 1, wherein the asperity height is about 10 microns to about 100 microns.16. The generator of claim 15, wherein the asperity has a peak density of greater than about 1 million peaks per square centimeter of emission surface.17. The generator of claim 1, wherein the asperity height is about 100 to 1,000 nanometers.18. The generator of claim 17, wherein the asperity has a peak density of greater than about 1 billion peaks per square centimeter of emission surface.19. A heat source having the generator of claim 1 coupled to a surface of the heat source.20. The heat source of claim 19, wherein the heat source is selected from the group consisting of a battery, a process unit, a CPU, a fire, and a hot plate.21. An amorphous diamond electrical generator comprising:a) a cathode having a base member with a layer of amorphous diamond material coated over at least a portion thereof, said amorphous diamond material comprising at least about 90% carbon atoms with at least about 20% of said carbon atoms bonded in distorted tetrahedral coordination, said diamond coating being configured with an energy input surface in contact with the base member and an electron emission surface opposite the energy input surface, said electron emission surface having an asperity height of from about 10 to about 1,000 nanometers, and being capable of emitting electrons upon input of a sufficient amount of energy into the amorphous diamond material, said base member comprising a first layer and a second layer coupled between the first layer and the energy input surface of the amorphous diamond coating, wherein the second layer has a work function of from about 1.5 eV to about 4.0 eV and a thermal conductivity of greater than about 100 W/mK; b) an intermediate member coupled to the electron emission surface of the amorphous diamond coating, said intermediate member comprising a material having a thermal conductivity of less than about 100 W/mK and a resistivity of less than about 80 μΩ-cm at 20° C.; and c) an anode coupled to the intermediate member opposite the amorphous diamond coating. 22. A method of making an amorphous diamond electrical generator comprising:a) forming a layer of amorphous diamond material on a cathode material using a physical vapor deposition technique, said amorphous diamond material comprising at least about 90% carbon atoms with at least about 20% of said carbon atoms bonded in distorted tetrahedral coordination, said diamond material being configured with an energy input surface in contact with the cathode material and an electron emission surface opposite the energy input surface, said electron emission surface having an asperity height of from about 10 to about 1,000 nanometers, and being capable of emitting electrons upon input of a sufficient amount of energy into the material; b) forming an intermediate member on the electron emission surface of the amorphous diamond material having a thermal conductivity of less than about 100 W/mK and a resistivity of less than about 80 μΩ-cm at 20° C.; and c) coupling an anode to a low work function material opposite the electron emission surface. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the physical vapor deposition technique is a cathodic arc technique.24. The method of claim 22, wherein the intermediate member is formed by sputtering or arc deposition.25. The method of claim 22, wherein the intermediate member has a thermal conductivity of less than about 40 W/mK.26. The method of claim 22, wherein the intermediate member has a work function of from about 2.0 to about 4.0 eV.27. The method of claim 22, wherein the intermediate function material is a member selected from the group consisting of Pb, V, Cs, Hf, Ti, Nb, Zr, Ga, and mixtures or alloys thereof.28. The method of claim 22, wherein the anode is coupled to the intermediate member by sputtering or arc deposition.29. The method of claim 22, wherein the anode is coupled to the intermediate member by brazing.30. The method of claim 22, wherein the anode comprises a material having a work function of from about 3.5 eV to about 5.0 eV.31. The method of claim 30, wherein the anode comprises copper.32. The method of claim 22, wherein the cathode material is formed of a first layer and a second layer coupled between the first layer and the energy input surface of the amorphous diamond coating, wherein the second layer has a work function of from about 1.5 eV to about 3.5 eV.33. The method of claim 32, wherein the second layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ce, Sm, and mixtures or alloys thereof.34. The method of claim 22, further comprising forming an energy collection layer on the cathode opposite the amorphous diamond layer.35. The method of claim 22, further comprising heating the amorphous diamond electrical generator to a temperature of from about 350° C. to about 500° C.36. A method of generating a current comprising providing an amorphous diamond electrical generator as in claim 1 and inputting an amount of photonic or thermal energy into the energy input surface which is sufficient to produce a current.37. The method of claim 36, wherein at least about 50% of said carbon atoms are bonded with distorted tetrahedral coordination.38. The method of claim 38, wherein the energy is thermal energy.39. The method of claim 38, wherein the cathode has temperature of from about 100° C. to about 1800° C.40. The method of claim 41, wherein the cathode has temperature of from about 300° C. to about 1800° C.41. The method of claim 38, wherein the anode has temperature of from about 0° C. to about 100° C.
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