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An optical system and method for positioning a first object with respect to a second object, such as a refueling aircraft and an unmanned air vehicle are provided with the system, including a pattern of reflectors, an optical receiver, an optical transmitter, and a processor. The method and system p

An optical system and method for positioning a first object with respect to a second object, such as a refueling aircraft and an unmanned air vehicle are provided with the system, including a pattern of reflectors, an optical receiver, an optical transmitter, and a processor. The method and system permit processing two dimensional images of reflected signals and ranging of the reflector to the transmitter. An optical transceiver may also be used instead of a discrete receiver and transmitter. The reflector may include a pattern of peripheral retroreflectors and limit-angle incident retroreflectors that only reflect light incident upon the retroreflector within a predefined range of incident angles.

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1. A reflector, comprising:a peripheral retroreflector; anda central limit-angle incident retroreflector that limits reflection of light incident upon said central limit-angle incident retroreflector at an angle greater than a first limiting incident angle such that said central limit-angle incident

1. A reflector, comprising:a peripheral retroreflector; anda central limit-angle incident retroreflector that limits reflection of light incident upon said central limit-angle incident retroreflector at an angle greater than a first limiting incident angle such that said central limit-angle incident retroreflector only reflects light that is incident thereupon from within a smaller range of angles than said peripheral retroreflector, the central limit-angle incident retroreflector being disposed in a predefined positional relationship to the peripheral retroreflector.2. The reflector according to claim 1, wherein the central limit-angle incident retroreflector comprises a plurality of tube reflectors, each tube reflector comprising:at least one corner reflector;at least one tube defining a first length and width comprising a transparent bore and opaque sidewalls, the tube being disposed over the at least one corner reflector such that light passing axially through the bore reflects on the corner reflector.3. The reflector according to claim 2, wherein the first length and width define a first ratio that defines the first limiting incident angle with respect to an axis of the bore, wherein light entering the bore at an angle greater than the first limiting incident angle is attenuated by the opaque sidewalls such that light does not reflect from the corner reflector.4. The reflector according to claim 3, wherein the tube sidewalls comprise a cross section selected from the group consisting of circular, oval, ovoid, and polygonal.5. The reflector according to claim 1, wherein the peripheral retroreflector comprises at least one corner reflector.6. The reflector according to claim 1, wherein the peripheral retroreflector comprises a plurality of corner reflectors disposed about the central limit-angle incident retroreflector.7. The reflector according to claim 6, wherein the predefined positional relationship comprises being disposed at the center of the plurality of corner reflectors.8. The reflector according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of corner reflectors define a rectangular pattern about the central limit-angle incident retroreflector.9. The reflector according to claim 1, further comprising at least one intermediate limit-angle incident retroreflector that limits reflection of light incident upon said intermediate limit-angle incident retroreflector at an angle greater than a second limiting incident angle, the intermediate limit-angle incident retroreflector being disposed between the peripheral retroreflector and the central limit-angle incident retroreflector.10. The reflector according to claim 9, wherein the second limiting incident angle comprises an incident angle greater than the first incident limiting angle.11. The reflector according to claim 9, wherein the at least one intermediate limit-angle incident retroreflector comprises a plurality of tube reflectors, each tube reflector comprising:at least one corner reflector;at least one tube defining a second length and width, and comprising a transparent bore and opaque sidewalls, the tube being disposed over the at least one corner reflector such that light passing axially through the bore reflects on the corner reflector.12. The reflector according to claim 11, wherein second length and width define a second ratio that defines the second limiting incident angle with respect to an axis of the bore, wherein light entering the bore at an angle greater than the second limiting incident angle is attenuated by the opaque sidewalls such that light does not reflect from the corner reflector.13. A reflector, comprising:a first limit-angle incident retroreflector that limits reflection of light incident upon said first limit-angle incident retroreflector at an angle greater than a first limiting incident angle;a second limit-angle incident retroreflector that limits reflection of light incident upon said second limit-angle incident retroreflector at an angle greater than a second limiting incident angle which is greater than the first limiting incident angle, the second limit-angle incident retroreflector being disposed in a predefined relationship to the first limit-angle incident retroreflector.14. The reflector according to claim 1, wherein said peripheral retroreflector defines a predefined pattern, and wherein said central limit-angle incident retroreflector is positioned centrally within the predefined pattern defined by said peripheral retroreflector.15. The reflector according to claim 13, wherein the first limit-angle incident retroreflector comprises a plurality of first tube reflectors, each tube reflector comprisingat least one corner reflector;a first tube defining a first length and width, and comprising a transparent bore and opaque sidewalls, the tube being disposed over the at least one corner reflector such that light passing axially through the bore reflects on the corner reflector.16. The reflector according to claim 15, wherein the first length and width defines a first ratio that defines the first limiting incident angle with respect to an axis of the bore, wherein light entering the bore at an angle to greater than the first limiting incident angle is attenuated by the opaque sidewalls such that light does not reflect from the corner reflector.17. The reflector according to claim 13, wherein the at least one second limit-angle incident retroreflector comprises a plurality of second tube reflectors, each tube reflector comprisingat least one corner reflector;a second tube defining a second length and width, and comprising transparent bore and opaque sidewalls, the tube being disposed over the at least one corner reflector such that light passing axially through the bore reflects on the corner reflector.18. The reflector according to claim 17, wherein the second length and width defines a second ratio that defines the second limiting incident angle with respect to an axis of the bore, wherein light entering the bore at an angle to greater than the second limiting incident angle is attenuated by the opaque sidewalls such that light does not reflect from the corner reflector.19. The reflector according to claim 13, wherein the predefined relationship comprises the first incident angle retroreflector being disposed centrally between a plurality of second incident angle retroreflectors.20. The reflector according to claim 13, further comprising a plurality of peripheral retroreflectors disposed around the first and second limit-angle incident retroreflectors.21. An optical system comprising:a first object;a pattern of reflectors disposed on the first object comprising:a peripheral retroreflector; anda central limit-angle incident retroreflector that limits reflection of light incident upon said central limit-angle incident retroreflector at an angle greater than a first limiting incident angle such that said central limit-angle incident retroreflector only reflects light that is incident thereupon from within a smaller range of angles than said peripheral retroreflector, the central limit-angle incident retroreflector being disposed in a predefined positional relationship to the peripheral retroreflector;a second object independent of the first object;an optical transmitter positioned on the second object to transmit an optical signal toward the pattern of reflectors on the first object;an optical receiver disposed on the second object and positioned to receive the optical signal reflected from the pattern of reflectors; anda processor in communication with the optical transmitter and receiver and adapted to enable transmission of the optical signal from the transmitter, and to determine spatial characteristics of the reflected optical signal from the optical receiver.22. The optical system according to claim 21, wherein the central limit-angle incident retroreflector comprises a plurality of tube reflectors, each tube reflector comprising:at least one corner reflector;at least one tube defining a first length and width, and comprising a transparent bore and opaque sidewalls, the tube being disposed over the at least one corner reflector such that light passing axially through the bore reflects on the corner reflector.23. The optical system according to claim 22, wherein the first length and width define a first ratio that defines the first limiting incident angle with respect to an axis of the bore, wherein light entering the bore at an angle greater than the first limiting incident angle is attenuated by the opaque sidewalls such that light does not reflect from the corner reflector.24. The optical system according to claim 21, wherein the pattern of reflectors further comprises at least one intermediate limit-angle incident retroreflector that limits reflections of light incident upon said intermediate limit-angle incident retroreflector at an angle greater than a second limiting incident angle disposed between the peripheral reflector and the peripheral reflector.25. The optical system according to claim 24, wherein the at least one intermediate limit-angle incident retroreflector comprises a plurality of tube reflectors, each tube reflector comprising:at least one corner reflector;at least one tube defining a second length and width, and comprising a transparent bore and opaque sidewalls, the tube being disposed over the at least one corner reflector such that light passing axially through the bore reflects on the corner reflector.26. The optical system according to claim 25, wherein the second length and width define a second ratio that defines the second limiting incident angle with respect to an axis of the bore, wherein light entering the bore at an angle greater than the second limiting incident angle is attenuated by the opaque sidewalls such that light does not reflect from the corner reflector.27. The optical system according to claim 21, wherein the optical receiver comprises an imager.28. The optical system according to claim 27, wherein the optical receiver further comprises an optical ranging receiver and the processor is further adapted to determine time delay between the transmitted optical signal and the optical signal received from the pattern of reflectors.29. The optical system according to claim 21, wherein the first object comprises a first aircraft, and the second object comprises a second aircraft.30. The optical system according to claim 29, further comprising the central limit-angle incident retroreflector being disposed on the first aircraft such that the first limiting incident angle defines a cone within which signals will be reflected.31. The optical system according to claim 30, wherein the cone of position defines at least a portion of a refueling envelope and the processor is further adapted to provide an indication that the second aircraft is within at least a portion of the refueling envelope when receiving the optical signal reflected from the central limit-angle incident retroreflector.32. The optical system according to claim 21, wherein said peripheral retroreflectors defines a predefined pattern, and wherein central limit-angle incident retroreflector is positioned centrally within the predefined pattern defined by said peripheral retroreflector.