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The invention concerns composite nanospheres having a diameter ranging between about 50 and 1000 nm plus or minus 5%, preferably between about 100 and 500 nm plus or minus 5% and advantageously between 100 and 200 nm plus or minus 5%, and comprising an essentially liquid core consisting of an organi

The invention concerns composite nanospheres having a diameter ranging between about 50 and 1000 nm plus or minus 5%, preferably between about 100 and 500 nm plus or minus 5% and advantageously between 100 and 200 nm plus or minus 5%, and comprising an essentially liquid core consisting of an organic phase and inorganic nanoparticles, distributed inside the organic phase, and a skin consisting of at least a hydrophilic polymer derived from the polymerisation of at least one water soluble monomer, in particular N-alkylacrylamide or a N-N-dialkylacrylamide; conjugates derived from said nanospheres; their preparation methods and their uses.

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What is claimed is: 1. A composite nanosphere, comprising: an essentially liquid core comprising an organic phase and inorganic nanoparticles distributed inside the organic phase, and an envelope comprising at least one hydrophilic polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one water-solub

What is claimed is: 1. A composite nanosphere, comprising: an essentially liquid core comprising an organic phase and inorganic nanoparticles distributed inside the organic phase, and an envelope comprising at least one hydrophilic polymer derived from the polymerization of at least one water-soluble monomer in the presence of at least a water-soluble crosslinking agent and a water-soluble polymerization initiator, wherein the composite nanosphere has a diameter of between about 50 and 1000 nm plus or minus 5%. 2. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composite nanosphere has a diameter of between about 100 and 500 nm plus or minus 5%. 3. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composite nanosphere has a diameter of between about 100 and 200 nm plus or minus 5%. 4. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water-soluble monomer is at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of N-isopropylacrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N-ethylmethacrylamide, N-n-propylacrylamide, N-n-propylmethacrylamide, N-isopropylmethacrylamide, N-cyclopropylacrylamide, N,N-diethylacrylamide, N-methyl-N-isopropylacrylamide, and N-methyl-N-n-propylacrylamide. 5. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein the essentially liquid core comprises: an aliphatic and/or cyclic hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of compounds comprising from 5 to 12 carbon atoms, isomers thereof and mixtures thereof; and inorganic nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of magnetite, hematite, ferrites, alloys of cobalt, alloys of nickel, zeolites, talc, clays, alumina, silica, graphite, carbon black, and metal oxides of iron, titanium, cobalt, zinc, copper, manganese, and nickel. 6. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 5, wherein the inorganic nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of magnetite, hematite, ferrites, alloys of cobalt, alloys of nickel, and metal oxides of iron, titanium, cobalt, zinc, copper, manganese, and nickel. 7. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 5, wherein the essentially liquid core further comprises a marker. 8. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 5, wherein the hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, undecane and dodecane. 9. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inorganic nanoparticles represent from about 5% to about 95% by mass relative to the total mass of the composite nanospheres. 10. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 9, wherein the inorganic nanoparticles represent from about 10% to about 90% by mass relative to the total mass of the composite nanospheres. 11. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 9, wherein the inorganic nanoparticles represent from about 20% to about 80% by mass relative to the total mass of the composite nanospheres. 12. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 9, wherein the inorganic nanoparticles represent from about 50% to about 80% by mass relative to the total mass of the composite nanospheres. 13. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic polymer constitutes an external layer of the envelope and a hydrophobic polymer constitutes an internal layer of the envelope, wherein the hydrophobic polymer is situated at an interface between the external layer of the envelope and the essentially liquid core. 14. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 13, wherein the hydrophobic polymer is selected from the group consisting of homopolymers of vinylaromatic monomers which are insoluble in water, and copolymers of these monomers with each other and/or with other comonomers. 15. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein an external layer of the envelope further comprises reactive functional groups capable of reacting with at least one ligand. 16. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 15, wherein said nanosphere is coupled to at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of an antibody, an antibody fragment, a protein, a polypeptide, an enzyme, a polynucleotide, a probe, a primer, a nucleic acid fragment and biotin, to form a conjugate. 17. A reagent, comprising at least one nanosphere as defined in claim 1 and a carrier. 18. A diagnostic composition comprising a reagent as defined in claim 17. 19. A diagnostic test kit comprising a reagent as defined in claim 17. 20. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composite nanosphere is coupled to at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of medicinal substances, antisense probes, gene repair agents or genes of therapeutic interest, and agents blocking or inhibiting a protein activity, to form a conjugate. 21. A therapeutic or prophylactic composition, comprising a conjugated composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 20. 22. A method for preparing a therapeutic or prophylactic composition as claimed in claim 21, comprising coupling said at least one ligand to the composite nanosphere. 23. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composite nanosphere is coupled to at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of cage molecules, chelating agents and catalysts, to form a conjugate. 24. A reagent, comprising at least one composite nanosphere as defined in claim 16 and a carrier. 25. A diagnostic test kit comprising a diagnostic composition as defined in claim 18. 26. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one water-soluble monomer is at least one of an N-alkylacrylamide and an N,N-dialkylacrylamide. 27. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 5, wherein the ferrites comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of manganese ferrites, nickel ferrites and manganese zinc ferrites. 28. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 5, wherein the clays comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of bentonite and kaolin. 29. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 6, wherein the ferrites comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of manganese ferrites, nickel ferrites and manganese zinc ferrites. 30. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 7, wherein the marker includes at least one of a fluorescent marker, a luminescent marker and a radioactive marker. 31. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 14, wherein the vinylaromatic monomers comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of styrene, methylstyrene, ethylstyrene, tert-butylstyrene and vinyltoluene. 32. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 14, wherein the co-monomers are selected from the group consisting of alkyl acrylates and alkyl methacrylates wherein the alkyl group includes 3 to 10 carbon atoms, esters of ethylenic acids having 4 or 5 carbon atoms and of alkyl group possessing 1 to 8 carbon atoms, methacrylic acids, styrene derivatives, and diene compounds. 33. The composite nanosphere as claimed in claim 15, wherein the reactive functional groups comprise at least one member selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, amino, thiol, aldehyde, hydroxyl, tosyl and hydrazine groups.