최소 단어 이상 선택하여야 합니다.
최대 10 단어까지만 선택 가능합니다.
다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
NTIS 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
DataON 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Edison 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | US-0881400 (2004-06-30) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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대리인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 13 인용 특허 : 121 |
A shoe including a plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe, an arch bridge integral with the plate, and at least one inflated cushion spaced apart from the plate during the entire walking gait cycle of the wearer, during
A shoe including a plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe, an arch bridge integral with the plate, and at least one inflated cushion spaced apart from the plate during the entire walking gait cycle of the wearer, during the entire running gait cycle of the wearer, when the shoe is in an unloaded state and at all other times.
I claim: 1. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper including an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, the rear sole being below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portio
I claim: 1. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper including an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, the rear sole being below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper; at least one air-tight enclosure positioned between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper, the at least one air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom, at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure being exposed to and visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe and the rear of the shoe, the at least one air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer, the at least one air-tight enclosure having an interior chamber; at least one inflated cushion spaced apart from the at least one air-tight enclosure; and a vertical line passing from the bottom of the shoe through the upper, at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure and the plate being intersected by the vertical line. 2. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 3. The shoe of claim 1, wherein one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the medial side of the shoe and one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the lateral side of the shoe. 4. The shoe of claim 1, wherein one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the medial side of the shoe, one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the lateral side of the shoe and one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the rear of the shoe. 5. The shoe of claim 4, wherein the major longitudinal axis intersects the rear of the shoe at a point, the portion of the peripheral portions proximate the rear of the shoe being proximate the point. 6. The shoe of claim 4, wherein the plate portion proximate the medial side of the shoe and the plate portion proximate the lateral side of the shoe each contact a portion of a wall, each of the wall portions extending in at least one of an upwardly and a downwardly direction from the plate, the wall portion contacted by the plate portion proximate the medial side of the shoe being located on the medial side of the shoe and being exposed to and visible from the medial side of the shoe, the wall portion contacted by the plate portion proximate the lateral side of the shoe being located on the lateral side of the shoe and being exposed to and visible from the lateral side of the shoe, the plate and the wall portions each being made of a plastic material. 7. The shoe of claim 6, wherein the wall portions are integrally formed with the plate. 8. The shoe of claim 6, wherein the plate portion proximate the rear of the shoe contacts a portion of a wall, the wall portion contacted by the plate portion proximate the rear of the shoe extending in at least one of an upwardly and a downwardly direction from the plate and being exposed to and visible from the rear of the shoe, the plate and the wall portion each being made of a plastic material. 9. The shoe of claim 8, wherein the wall portions are integrally formed with the plate and with each other. 10. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is at least in part curved. 11. The shoe of claim 10, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 12. The shoe of claim 10, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 13. The shoe of claim 10, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 14. The shoe of claim 10, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is arcuate in shape in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 15. The shoe of claim 10, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 16. The shoe of claim 10, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 17. The shoe of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is exposed to and visible from the medial side of the shoe and at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is exposed to and visible from the lateral side of the shoe. 18. The shoe of claim 17, wherein the portions of the at least one air-tight enclosure are at least in part curved. 19. The shoe of claim 18, wherein the at least in part curved portions of the at least one air-tight enclosure are arcuate in shape in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 20. The shoe of claim 18, wherein the at least in part curved portions of the at least one air-tight enclosure are arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 21. The shoe of claim 18, wherein the at least in part curved portions of the at least one air-tight enclosure are arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 22. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure includes two spaced-apart portions, each of the two spaced-apart portions being located at a different point along at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe. 23. The shoe of claim 22, wherein the two spaced-apart portions are located along the medial side of the shoe and another two spaced-apart portions are located along the lateral side of the shoe. 24. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure is attached to the shoe. 25. The shoe of claim 1, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, the at least one wall being made of the same material as the plate and being integral with the plate. 26. The shoe of claim 25, wherein the at least one wall integral with the plate is visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe. 27. The shoe of claim 25, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate and being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 28. The shoe of claim 27, wherein the at least one upwardly extending wall of the arch bridge is integral with the at least one upwardly extending wall of the plate. 29. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe. 30. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from the bottom of the shoe. 31. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the bottom of the shoe has an elevated portion extending from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe below at least a portion of the arch region of the upper that is non-ground-engaging. 32. The shoe of claim 31, wherein the elevated portion extends below at least a substantial portion of the arch region of the upper. 33. The shoe of claim 31, wherein the elevated portion extends below substantially the entire arch region of the upper. 34. The shoe of claim 31, wherein at least a forward portion of the elevated portion proximate the medial side of the shoe is inclined upwardly in a direction toward the rear of the shoe. 35. The shoe of claim 31, wherein at least a rearward portion of the elevated portion proximate the medial side of the shoe is inclined upwardly in a direction toward a front of the shoe. 36. The shoe of claim 31, wherein the rear sole includes a ground-engaging portion formed of a first material, at least a portion of the elevated portion of the bottom below the arch region being formed of a second material different from the first material. 37. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 38. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the interior portion of the plate is adapted to be positioned at least in part beneath the calcaneus of the wearer of the shoe. 39. The shoe of claim 38, wherein the interior portion of the plate that is adapted to be positioned at least in part beneath the calcaneus of the wearer is adapted to be positioned at least in part beneath the approximate center of the calcaneus of the wearer of the shoe. 40. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the plate extends tinder at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 41. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the plate extends tinder at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 42. The shoe of claim 41, wherein the plate extends under substantially the entire area occupied by the heel region. 43. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the plate extends under substantially the entire area occupied by the heel region. 44. The shoe of claim 7, wherein the plate extends under substantially the entire area occupied by the heel region. 45. The shoe of claim 9, wherein the plate extends under substantially the entire area occupied by the heel region. 46. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the rear sole includes a vertical central axis passing through the bottom of the shoe and the heel region of the upper, the vertical central axis of the rear sole being generally perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe and being completely surrounded by at least a portion of the plate. 47. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the rear sole has a width from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe, the plate forming a support bridge across the width of the rear sole from a point proximate the medial side of the shoe to a point proximate the lateral side of the shoe. 48. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the interior portion of the plate is supported by a portion of the medial side of the shoe and a portion of the lateral side of the shoe. 49. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the rear sole has a width from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe, the plate being adapted to support laterally the heel of a wearer across the entire width of the rear sole. 50. The shoe of claim 1, the rear sole further including an outsole material having a layer with a thickness, the layer having an upper surface, a lower surface, a peripheral portion and an interior portion, the interior portion of the layer having an interior sidewall connecting the lower surface with the upper surface, the interior sidewall of the layer being visible from beneath the shoe, at least a portion of the interior sidewall of the layer being located beneath at least a portion of the interior portion of the plate. 51. The shoe of claim 50, wherein the plate is visible from beneath the shoe. 52. The shoe of claim 51, wherein the rear sole includes a ground-engaging portion formed of a first material, the plate being formed of a second material different from that of the first material of the ground-engaging portion of the rear sole. 53. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the bottom of the shoe includes a ground-engaging portion, at least a portion of the plate being visible from the bottom of the shoe between at least two portions of the ground engaging portion of the bottom of the shoe. 54. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the rear sole has a bottom surface with a perimeter and a ground-engaging portion, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least one substantially planar portion having an outer edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole, the at least one substantially planar portion being located proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least one portion non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the at least one non-planar portion positioned proximate the perimeter of the bottom surface and inclined upwardly in a direction toward the perimeter of the bottom surface from another portion of the bottom surface, the at least one non-planar portion having an outer edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface and proximate a rearward portion of the rear sole, the portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to which the outer edge of the at least one substantially planar portion is proximate and the portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to which the outer edge of the at least one non-planar portion is proximate each having the shape of an arc of a circle, the circle having a diameter no greater than the maximum width of the bottom surface of the rear sole as measured on a line generally perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe from a point on the medial side of the shoe to a point on the lateral side of the shoe. 55. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the rear sole has a bottom surface with a perimeter and a center located beneath the approximate center of the calcaneus of the wearer of the shoe, the bottom surface having at least two portions which are beveled in different directions away from the center of the rear sole, each of the beveled portions defining at least in part the perimeter of the rear sole. 56. The shoe of claim 55, wherein one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the forward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward a front of the shoe. 57. The shod of claim 55, wherein one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the rearward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward the rear of the shoe. 58. The shoe of claim 55, wherein one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the forward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward a front of the shoe and one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the rearward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward the rear of the shoe. 59. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the rear sole has a perimeter and a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, the bottom surface of the rear sole including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole. 60. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the upper includes an open interior, further including at least one opening extending from the bottom of the shoe into the sole and being in air communication with the open interior of the upper. 61. The shoe of claim 1, further including at least one rib integral with at least a portion of the lower surface of the plate and being visible from outside the shoe. 62. The shoe of claim 61, wherein the at least one rib includes a plurality of ribs. 63. The shoe of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is closer to the bottom of the shoe than at least a portion of the plate. 64. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure has an exterior sidewall and a distance along the exterior sidewall from the top to the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure, a majority of the distance along the exterior sidewall being curved in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 65. The shoe of claim 64, wherein the visible portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure includes at least a portion of the exterior sidewall. 66. The shoe of claim 64, wherein the exterior sidewall of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved for at least substantially the entire distance along the exterior sidewall. 67. The shoe of claim 64, wherein the exterior sidewall of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved for substantially the entire distance along the exterior sidewall. 68. The shoe of claim 64, wherein the exterior sidewall of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved for the entire distance along the exterior sidewall. 69. The shoe of claim 64, wherein the exterior sidewall of the at least one air-tight enclosure has a substantially uniform thickness. 70. The shoe of claim 64, wherein at least a portion of one of the top and the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure is flat. 71. The shoe of claim 64, wherein at least a portion of each of the top and the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure is flat. 72. The shoe of claim 64, wherein at least a portion of the top of the at least one air-tight enclosure is in contact with a portion of the shoe. 73. The shoe of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the top of the at least one air-tight enclosure is in contact with a portion of the shoe. 74. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the at least one inflated cushion includes a bladder. 75. The shoe of claim 74, wherein the bladder is an air bladder. 76. The shoe of claim 64, wherein the sole includes a forward sole, the shoe further including at least at least a second inflated cushion, the at least second inflated cushion comprising at least a portion of the forward sole. 77. The shoe of claim 64, wherein the sole includes a forward sole, the forward sole including a plurality of inflated cushions. 78. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the sole includes a forward sole, the shoe further including at least at least a second inflated cushion, the at least second inflated cushion comprising at least a portion of the forward sole. 79. The shoe of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of one of the top and the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure is flat. 80. The shoe of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of each of the top and the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure is flat. 81. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the sole includes a forward sole, the at least one inflated cushion comprising at least a portion of the forward sole. 82. The shoe of claim 81, wherein the forward sole includes at least a second inflated cushion. 83. The shoe of claim 82, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure is an inflated cushion. 84. The shoe of claim 81, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure is an inflated cushion. 85. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure is proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe. 86. The shoe of claim 1, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure has a single interior chamber, the interior chamber having a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and a transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, the interior chamber being the only chamber any portion of which is located on any line between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper that is generally parallel with the vertical central axis and passes through any portion of the interior chamber, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from the vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure. 87. The shoe of claim 86, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion connecting the top and bottom portions, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable in the middle portion. 88. The shoe of claim 87, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-fourth the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-half the height of the interior chamber. 89. The shoe of claim 87, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber. 90. The shoe of claim 86, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion and a bottom portion, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable along at least a portion of the height of the interior chamber. 91. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper including an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, the rear sole being below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper; at least one air-tight enclosure positioned between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper, the at least one air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom, a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom and an exterior sidewall, at least a portion of the top being in contact with a portion of the shoe, the at least one air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer, the at least one air-tight enclosure having an interior chamber; at least one inflated cushion spaced apart from the at least one air-tight enclosure; and a vertical line passing from the bottom of the shoe through the upper, at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure and the plate being intersected by the vertical line. 92. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 93. The shoe of claim 91, wherein one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the medial side of the shoe and one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the lateral side of the shoe. 94. The shoe of claim 91, wherein one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the medial side of the shoe, one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the lateral side of the shoe and one of the peripheral portions of the plate is proximate the rear of the shoe. 95. The shoe of claim 94, wherein the major longitudinal axis intersects the rear of the shoe at a point, the portion of the peripheral portions proximate the rear of the shoe being proximate the point. 96. The shoe of claim 94, wherein the plate portion proximate the medial side of the shoe and the plate portion proximate the lateral side of the shoe each contact a portion of a wall, each of the wall portions extending in at least one of an upwardly and a downwardly direction from the plate, the wall portion contacted by the plate portion proximate the medial side of the shoe being located on the medial side of the shoe and being exposed to and visible from the medial side of the shoe, the wall portion contacted by the plate portion proximate the lateral side of the shoe being located on the lateral side of the shoe and being exposed to and visible from the lateral side of the shoe, the plate and the wall portions each being made of a plastic material. 97. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the wall portions are integrally formed with the plate. 98. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the plate portion proximate the rear of the shoe contacts a portion of a wall, the wall portion contacted by the plate portion proximate the rear of the shoe extending in at least one of an upwardly and a downwardly direction from the plate and being exposed to and visible from the rear of the shoe, the plate and the wall portion each being made of a plastic material. 99. The shoe of claim 98, wherein the wall portions are integrally formed with the plate and with each other. 100. The shoe of claim 91, wherein at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is at least in part curved. 101. The shoe of claim 100, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 102. The shoe of claim 100, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 103. The shoe of claim 100, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 104. The shoe of claim 100, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is arcuate in shape in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 105. The shoe of claim 100, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 106. The shoe of claim 100, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 107. The shoe of claim 91, wherein at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is exposed to and visible from the medial side of the shoe and at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is exposed to and visible from the lateral side of the shoe. 108. The shoe of claim 107, wherein the portions of the at least one air-tight enclosure are at least in part curved. 109. The shoe of claim 108, wherein the at least in part curved portions of the at least one air-tight enclosure are arcuate in shape in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 110. The shoe of claim 108, wherein the at least in part curved portions of the at least one air-tight enclosure are arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 111. The shoe of claim 108, wherein the at least in part curved portions of the at least one air-tight enclosure are arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 112. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure includes two spaced-apart portions, each of the two spaced-apart portions being located at a different point along at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe. 113. The shoe of claim 112, wherein the two spaced-apart portions are located along the medial side of the shoe and another two spaced-apart portions are located along the lateral side of the shoe. 114. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure is attached to the shoe. 115. The shoe of claim 91, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, the at least one wall being made of the same material as the plate and being integral with the plate. 116. The shoe of claim 115, wherein the at least one wall integral with the plate is visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe. 117. The shoe of claim 115, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate and being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 118. The shoe of claim 117, wherein the at least one upwardly extending wall of the arch bridge is integral with the at least one upwardly extending wall of the plate. 119. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe. 120. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from the bottom of the shoe. 121. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the bottom of the shoe has an elevated portion extending from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe below at least a portion of the arch region of the upper that is non-ground-engaging. 122. The shoe of claim 121, wherein the elevated portion extends below at least a substantial portion of the arch region of the upper. 123. The shoe of claim 121, wherein the elevated portion extends below substantially the entire arch region of the upper. 124. The shoe of claim 121, wherein at least a forward portion of the elevated portion proximate the medial side of the shoe is inclined upwardly in a direction toward the rear of the shoe. 125. The shoe of claim 121, wherein at least a rearward portion of the elevated portion proximate the medial side of the shoe is inclined upwardly in a direction toward a front of the shoe. 126. The shoe of claim 121, wherein the rear sole includes a ground-engaging portion formed of a first material, at least a portion of the elevated portion of the bottom below the arch region being formed of a second material different from the first material. 127. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 128. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the interior portion of the plate is adapted to be positioned at least in part beneath the calcaneus of the wearer of the shoe. 129. The shoe of claim 128, wherein the interior portion of the plate that is adapted to be positioned at least in part beneath the calcaneus of the wearer is adapted to be positioned at least in part beneath the approximate center of the calcaneus of the wearer of the shoe. 130. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 131. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 132. The shoe of claim 131, wherein the plate extends under substantially the entire area occupied by the heel region. 133. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the plate extends under substantially the entire area occupied by the heel region. 134. The shoe of claim 97, wherein the plate extends under substantially the entire area occupied by the heel region. 135. The shoe of claim 99, wherein the plate extends under substantially the entire area occupied by the heel region. 136. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the rear sole includes a vertical central axis passing through the bottom of the shoe and the heel region of the upper, the vertical central axis of the rear sole being generally perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe and being completely surrounded by at least a portion of the plate. 137. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the rear sole has a width from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe, the plate forming a support bridge across the width of the rear sole from a point proximate the medial side of the shoe to a point proximate the lateral side of the shoe. 138. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the interior portion of the plate is supported by a portion of the medial side of the shoe and a portion of the lateral side of the shoe. 139. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the rear sole has a width from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe, the plate being adapted to support laterally the heel of a wearer across the entire width of the rear sole. 140. The shoe of claim 91, the rear sole further including an outsole material having a layer with a thickness, the layer having an upper surface, a lower surface, a peripheral portion and an interior portion, the interior portion of the layer having an interior sidewall connecting the lower surface with the upper surface, the interior sidewall of the layer being visible from beneath the shoe, at least a portion of the interior sidewall of the layer being located beneath at least a portion of the interior portion of the plate. 141. The shoe of claim 140, wherein the plate is visible from beneath the shoe. 142. The shoe of claim 141, wherein the rear sole includes a ground-engaging portion formed of a first material, the plate being formed of a second material different from that of the first material of the ground-engaging portion of the rear sole. 143. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the bottom of the shoe includes a ground-engaging portion, at least a portion of the plate being visible from the bottom of the shoe between at least two portions of the ground engaging portion of the bottom of the shoe. 144. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the rear sole has a bottom surface with a perimeter and a ground-engaging portion, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least one substantially planar portion having an outer edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole, the at least one substantially planar portion being located proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface Including at least one portion non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the at least one non-planar portion positioned proximate the perimeter of the bottom surface and inclined upwardly in a direction toward the perimeter of the bottom surface from another portion of the bottom surface, the at least one non-planar portion having an outer edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface and proximate a rearward portion of the rear sole, the portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to which the outer edge of the at least one substantially planar portion is proximate and the portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to which the outer edge of the at least one non-planar portion is proximate each having the shape of an arc of a circle, the circle having a diameter no greater than the maximum width of the bottom surface of the rear sole as measured on a line generally perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe from a point on the medial side of the shoe to a point on the lateral side of the shoe. 145. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the rear sole has a bottom surface with a perimeter and a center located beneath the approximate center of the calcaneus of the wearer of the shoe, the bottom surface having at least two portions which are beveled in different directions away from the center of the rear sole, each of the beveled portions defining at least in part the perimeter of the rear sole. 146. The shoe of claim 145, wherein one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the forward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward a front of the shoe. 147. The shoe of claim 145, wherein one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the rearward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward the rear of the shoe. 148. The shoe of claim 145, wherein one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the forward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward a front of the shoe and one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the rearward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward the rear of the shoe. 149. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the rear sole has a perimeter and a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, the bottom surface of the rear sole including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole. 150. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the upper includes an open interior, further including at least one opening extending from the bottom of the shoe into the sole and being in air communication with the open interior of the upper. 151. The shoe of claim 91, further including at least one rib integral with at least a portion of the lower surface of the plate and being visible from outside the shoe. 152. The shoe of claim 151, wherein the at least one rib includes a plurality of ribs. 153. The shoe of claim 91, wherein at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure is closer to the bottom of the shoe than at least a portion of the plate. 154. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure has a distance along the exterior sidewall from the top to the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure, a majority of the distance along the exterior sidewall being curved in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 155. The shoe of claim 154, wherein at least a portion of the exterior sidewall of the at least one air-tight enclosure is visible from outside the shoe. 156. The shoe of claim 154, wherein the exterior sidewall of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved for at least substantially the entire distance along the exterior sidewall. 157. The shoe of claim 154, wherein the exterior sidewall of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved for substantially the entire distance along the exterior sidewall. 158. The shoe of claim 154, wherein the exterior sidewall of the at least one air-tight enclosure is curved for the entire distance along the exterior sidewall. 159. The shoe of claim 154, wherein the exterior sidewall of the at least one air-tight enclosure has a substantially uniform thickness. 160. The shoe of claim 154, wherein at least a portion of one of the top and the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure is flat. 161. The shoe of claim 154, wherein at least a portion of each of the top and the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure is flat. 162. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the at least one inflated cushion includes a bladder. 163. The shoe of claim 162, wherein the bladder is an air bladder. 164. The shoe of claim 154, wherein the sole includes a forward sole, the shoe further including at least at least a second inflated cushion, the at least second inflated cushion comprising at least a portion of the forward sole. 165. The shoe of claim 154, wherein the sole includes a forward sole, the forward sole including a plurality of inflated cushions. 166. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the sole includes a forward sole, the shoe further including at least at least a second inflated cushion, the at least second inflated cushion comprising at least a portion of the forward sole. 167. The shoe of claim 91, wherein at least a portion of one of the top and the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure is flat. 168. The shoe of claim 91, wherein at least a portion of each of the top and the bottom of the at least one air-tight enclosure is flat. 169. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the sole includes a forward sole, the at least one inflated cushion comprising at least a portion of the forward sole. 170. The shoe of claim 169, wherein the forward sole includes at least a second inflated cushion. 171. The shoe of claim 170, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure is an inflated cushion. 172. The shoe of claim 169, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure is an inflated cushion. 173. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure is proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe. 174. The shoe of claim 91, wherein the at least one air-tight enclosure has a single interior chamber, the interior chamber having a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and a transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, the interior chamber being the only chamber any portion of which is located on any line between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper that is generally parallel with the vertical central axis and passes through any portion of the interior chamber, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from the vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure. 175. The shoe of claim 174, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion connecting the top and bottom portions, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable in the middle portion. 176. The shoe of claim 175, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-fourth the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-half the height of the interior chamber. 177. The shoe of claim 175, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber. 178. The shoe of claim 174, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion and a bottom portion, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable along at least a portion of the height of the interior chamber.
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