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Acid-reactive dental fillers, and methods of making and using such fillers, are disclosed. The acid-reactive dental fillers include a trivalent metal, oxygen, fluorine, an alkaline earth metal, and, optionally, silicon. The acid-reactive dental fillers are preferably nanostructured, for example, in

Acid-reactive dental fillers, and methods of making and using such fillers, are disclosed. The acid-reactive dental fillers include a trivalent metal, oxygen, fluorine, an alkaline earth metal, and, optionally, silicon. The acid-reactive dental fillers are preferably nanostructured, for example, in the form of nanoparticles.

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What is claimed is: 1. A composition comprising an oxyfluoride material; wherein the oxyfluoride material is acid-reactive, non-fused, and comprises a trivalent metal, oxygen, fluorine, and an alkaline earth metal; and wherein the composition is a dental filler. 2. The composition of claim 1 whe

What is claimed is: 1. A composition comprising an oxyfluoride material; wherein the oxyfluoride material is acid-reactive, non-fused, and comprises a trivalent metal, oxygen, fluorine, and an alkaline earth metal; and wherein the composition is a dental filler. 2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the trivalent metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, lanthanum, and combinations thereof. 3. A composition comprising an oxyfluoride material; wherein the oxyfluoride material is acid-reactive, non-fused, and comprises aluminum, oxygen, fluorine, and an alkaline earth metal; and wherein the composition is a dental filler. 4. The composition of claim 3 wherein at least 90% by weight of the oxyfluoride material is nanostructured. 5. The composition of claim 4 wherein at least 90% by weight of the oxyfluoride material is in the form of nanoparticles. 6. The composition of claim 5 wherein the nanoparticles are non-aggregated. 7. The composition of claim 5 wherein the nanoparticles are aggregated. 8. The composition of claim 5 wherein the nanoparticles have an average size of at most 100 nanometers. 9. The composition of claim 4 wherein the oxyfluoride material is in the form of a coating on a particle. 10. The composition of claim 9 wherein the particle is a nanoparticle. 11. The composition of claim 9 wherein the particle comprises a metal oxide. 12. The composition of claim 11 wherein the metal oxide is silica. 13. The composition of claim 4 wherein the oxyfluoride material is in the form of a coating on an aggregate of particles. 14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the particles comprise nanoparticles. 15. The composition of claim 13 wherein the particles comprise a metal oxide. 16. The composition of claim 15 wherein the metal oxide is silica. 17. The composition of claim 4 wherein the oxyfluoride material is infiltrated in a porous structure. 18. The composition of claim 17 wherein the porous structure comprises a porous particle. 19. The composition of claim 18 wherein the porous particle comprises a metal oxide. 20. The composition of claim 19 wherein the metal oxide is silica. 21. The composition of claim 17 wherein the porous structure comprises a porous aggregate of particles. 22. The composition of claim 21 wherein the particles are nanoparticles. 23. The composition of claim 21 wherein the particles comprise a metal oxide. 24. The composition of claim 23 wherein the metal oxide is silica. 25. The composition of claim 17 wherein the porous structure comprises a porous coating. 26. The composition of claim 3 wherein the oxyfluoride material further comprises silicon. 27. The composition of claim 3 wherein the oxyfluoride material further comprises a heavy metal. 28. The composition of claim 27 wherein the heavy metal is zirconium. 29. The composition of claim 3 wherein the molar ratio of aluminum to the alkaline earth metal in the oxyfluoride material is at least 50:50 and at most 95:5. 30. The composition of claim 3 wherein the molar ratio of oxygen to fluorine in the oxyfluoride material is at least 50:50 and at most 95:5. 31. The composition of claim 3 wherein the alkaline earth metal is selected from the group consisting of strontium, calcium, barium, and combinations thereof. 32. A composition comprising an oxyfluoride material; wherein the oxyfluoride material is acid-reactive and comprises a trivalent metal, oxygen, fluorine, and an alkaline earth metal, with the proviso that the oxyfluoride material comprises at most 25 mole % silicon based on the total moles of silicon, the trivalent metal, the alkaline earth metal, and any additional cations; and wherein the material is a dental filler. 33. The composition of claim 32 wherein the trivalent metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, lanthanum, and combinations thereof. 34. The composition of claim 32 wherein the trivalent metal is aluminum. 35. The composition of claim 34, with the proviso that the oyxfluoride material comprises at most 20 mole % silicon, based on the total moles of silicon, aluminum, and the alkaline earth metal. 36. A dental filler prepared by a method comprising: combining a first liquid composition comprising a source of a trivalent metal and a source of an alkaline earth metal with a second liquid composition comprising a source of fluorine to provide an acid-reactive oxyfluoride material, wherein the oxyfluoride material comprises the trivalent metal, oxygen, fluorine, and the alkaline earth metal; and separating the oxyfluoride material from the combined liquid compositions to provide the dental filler. 37. The dental filler of claim 36 wherein the trivalent metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, lanthanum, and combinations thereof. 38. The dental filler of claim 36 wherein the trivalent metal is aluminum. 39. A method of preparing a dental filler comprising: combining a first liquid composition comprising a source of a trivalent metal and a source of an alkaline earth metal with a second liquid composition comprising a source of fluorine to provide an acid-reactive oxyfluoride material, wherein the oxyfluoride material comprises the trivalent metal, oxygen, fluorine, and the alkaline earth metal; and separating the oxyfluoride material from the combined liquid compositions to provide the dental filler. 40. The method of claim 39 wherein the trivalent metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, lanthanum, and combinations thereof. 41. A method of preparing a dental filler comprising: combining a first liquid composition comprising a source of aluminum and a source of an alkaline earth metal with a second liquid composition comprising a source of fluorine to provide an acid-reactive oxyfluoride material, wherein the oxyfluoride material comprises aluminum, oxygen, fluorine, and the alkaline earth metal; and separating the oxyfluoride material from the combined liquid compositions to provide the dental filler. 42. The method of claim 41 wherein the oxyfluoride material is nanostructured. 43. The method of claim 41 wherein at least one of the liquid compositions further comprises a source of hydroxide as a source of oxygen. 44. The method of claim 43 wherein the source of hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 45. The method of claim 41 wherein at least one of the liquid compositions is an aqueous composition having a pH greater than 7. 46. The method of claim 41 further comprising drying the separated oxyfluoride material at a temperature of at most 350째 C. 47. The method of claim 46 wherein drying is at a temperature of at most 250째 C. 48. The method of claim 47 wherein drying is at a temperature of at most 150째 C. 49. The method of claim 41 wherein combining provides an oxyfluoride material in a form selected from the group consisting of a precipitate, a coating on a particle, a coating on an aggregate of particles, a material infiltrated in a porous structure, and combinations thereof. 50. The method of claim 41 wherein separating the oxyfluoride material comprises filtering the oxyfluoride material. 51. The method of claim 41 wherein the source of aluminum is selected from the group consisting of aluminum nitrates and basic or oxy salts thereof, aluminum carboxylates and basic or oxy salts thereof, aluminum halides and basic or oxy salts thereof, and combinations thereof. 52. The method of claim 41 wherein the source of aluminum comprises an aluminum alkoxide. 53. The method of claim 52 wherein the aluminum alkoxide is selected from the group consisting of aluminum isopropoxide, aluminum sec-butoxide, and combinations thereof. 54. The method of claim 41 wherein the source of fluorine is selected from the group consisting of ammonium fluoride, ammonium hydrogen difluoride, hexafluorosilicic acid and salts thereof, and combinations thereof. 55. The method of claim 41 wherein the source of the alkaline earth metal comprises strontium nitrates, strontium carboxylates, strontium halides, calcium nitrates, calcium carboxylates, calcium halides, and combinations thereof. 56. The method of claim 41 wherein the second liquid composition further comprises a source of silicon. 57. The method of claim 56 wherein the source of silicon comprises sodium silicate, hexafluorosilicic acid and salts thereof, silicon alkoxides, and combinations thereof. 58. The method of claim 41 wherein at least one of the first and second liquid compositions further comprises water. 59. The method of claim 41 further comprising dispersing the separated oxyfluoride material in a liquid medium. 60. The method of claim 59 wherein the liquid medium comprises water. 61. The method of claim 59 further comprising coating the dispersed oxyfluoride material on a particle, coating the dispersed oxyfluoride material on an aggregate of particles, infiltrating the dispersed oxyfluoride material in a porous structure, or combinations thereof. 62. A method of preparing a dental filler comprising: providing a porous structure; infiltrating a first liquid composition comprising a source of a trivalent metal and a source of an alkaline earth metal in the porous structure; and infiltrating a second liquid composition comprising a source of fluorine in the porous structure to provide a porous structure infiltrated with an acid-reactive oxyfluoride material, wherein the acid-reactive oxyfluoride material comprises the trivalent metal, oxygen, fluorine, and the alkaline earth metal. 63. The method of claim 62 wherein the trivalent metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, lanthanum, and combinations thereof. 64. A method of preparing a dental filler comprising: providing a porous structure; infiltrating a first liquid composition comprising a source of aluminum and a source of an alkaline earth metal in the porous structure; and infiltrating a second liquid composition comprising a source of fluorine in the porous structure to provide a porous structure infiltrated with an acid-reactive oxyfluoride material, wherein the acid-reactive oxyfluoride material comprises aluminum, oxygen, fluorine, and the alkaline earth metal. 65. The method of claim 64 further comprising drying the porous structure infiltrated with the acid-reactive oxyfluoride material at a temperature of at most 350째 C. 66. The method of claim 64 wherein infiltrating the first liquid composition is carried out before infiltrating the second liquid composition. 67. The method of claim 64 wherein infiltrating the first liquid composition is carried out after infiltrating the second liquid composition. 68. The method of claim 64 wherein the second liquid composition further comprises a component selected from the group consisting of ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof. 69. The method of claim 64 wherein the second liquid composition further comprises a source of silicon. 70. The method of claim 64 wherein at least one of the first and second liquid compositions further comprises water. 71. The method of claim 64 wherein the porous structure is selected from the group consisting of porous particles, porous aggregates of particles, and combinations thereof. 72. A dental composition comprising a hardenable resin and a dental filler according to claim 1. 73. A dental composition comprising a hardenable resin and a dental filler according to claim 3. 74. The dental composition of claim 73 wherein the hardenable resin comprises a polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated compound. 75. The dental composition of claim 74 wherein the hardenable resin further comprises an acid. 76. The dental composition of claim 73 wherein the composition is in the form of a single-part dental composition. 77. The dental composition of claim 73 wherein the composition is in the form of a multi-part dental composition. 78. The dental composition of claim 77 wherein the multi-part composition comprises a first part and a second part, and wherein each part is independently selected from the group consisting of a liquid, paste, gel, or powder. 79. The dental composition of claim 77 wherein the multi-part composition is selected from the group consisting of a paste-paste composition, a paste-liquid composition, a paste-powder composition, and a powder-liquid composition. 80. The dental composition of claim 73 wherein the composition is selected from the group consisting of dental adhesives, cavity liners, cements, coatings, orthodontic adhesives, restoratives, sealants, and combinations thereof. 81. The dental composition of claim 73 wherein at least 90% by weight of the oxyfluoride material is nanostructured. 82. The dental composition of claim 81 further comprising a non acid-reactive filler. 83. The dental composition of claim 82 wherein at least 75% by weight of the total filler in the dental composition is nanofiller. 84. The dental composition of claim 82 wherein at least 90% by weight of the total filler in the dental composition is nanofiller. 85. The dental composition of claim 73 wherein the composition is in the form of a paste. 86. A dental composition comprising a hardenable resin and a dental filler according to claim 32. 87. The dental composition of claim 86 wherein the composition is in the form of a paste. 88. A dental composition comprising at most 15% by weight of a dental filler according to claim 1, with the proviso that the dental filler provides at least 2 square meters of surface area per gram of the dental composition. 89. A dental composition comprising: at most 10% by weight of a dental filler according to claim 1, based on the total weight of the dental composition; and at least 40% by weight of additional fillers, based on the total weight of the dental composition. 90. A method of preparing a dental composition comprising combining a dental filler according to claim 1 and a hardenable resin. 91. A method of preparing a dental composition comprising combining a dental filler according to claim 3 and a hardenable resin. 92. A method of preparing a dental composition comprising combining a dental filler according to claim 32 and a hardenable resin. 93. A dental composition comprising: a dental filler according to claim 1; a polyacid; and water. 94. A dental composition comprising: a dental filler according to claim 3; a polyacid; and water. 95. A multi-part dental composition comprising: a part A comprising a dental filler according to claim 1; and a part B comprising a polyacid. 96. A multi-part dental composition comprising: a part A comprising a dental filler according to claim 3; and a part B comprising a polyacid. 97. The multi-part dental composition of claim 96, wherein at least 90% by weight of the oxyfluoride material is nanostructured. 98. The multi-part dental composition of claim 96 wherein at least one of part A or part B further comprises an additional acid reactive filler. 99. The multi-part dental composition of claim 96 wherein at least one of part A or part B is in the form of a liquid or a paste. 100. The multi-part dental composition of claim 99 wherein part A and part B are provided in a unit-dose capsule. 101. The multi-part dental composition of claim 99 wherein part A and part B are each independently in the form of a liquid or a paste. 102. The multi-part dental composition of claim 101 further comprising a dual barrel syringe having a first barrel and a second barrel, wherein the part A resides in the first barrel and the part B resides in the second barrel. 103. The multi-part dental composition of claim 101 wherein part A and part B can be mixed in a static mixer. 104. The multi-part dental composition of claim 96 further comprising water residing in at least one of part A or part B. 105. The multi-part dental composition of claim 96 further comprising a polymerizable component residing in at least one of part A or part B. 106. The multi-part dental composition of claim 105 wherein the polyacid and the polymerizable component are the same. 107. The multi-part dental composition of claim 105 wherein the polyacid and the polymerizable component are different. 108. The multi-part dental composition of claim 96 further comprising a non acid-reactive dental filler residing in at least one of part A or part B. 109. The multi-part dental composition of claim 108 wherein at least 90% by weight of the non acid-reactive dental filler is in the form of nanoparticles. 110. The multi-part dental composition of claim 108 wherein the non acid-reactive dental filler comprises a metal oxide. 111. The multi-part dental composition of claim 110 wherein the metal oxide is silica. 112. A multi-part dental composition comprising: a part A comprising an acid-reactive dental filler according to claim 32; and a part B comprising at least one polyacid. 113. A method of using a multi-part dental composition according to claim 95 comprising: mixing a quantity of part A and a quantity of part B to form a dental composition; and applying the dental composition to a surface. 114. A method of preparing a dental article comprising: combining a dental filler according to claim 1 and a hardenable resin to form a dental composition; and hardening the composition to fabricate a dental article selected from the group consisting of crowns, fillings, mill blanks, orthodontic devices, and prostheses. 115. A method of preparing a dental article comprising: combining a dental filler according to claim 3 and a hardenable resin to form a dental composition; and hardening the composition to fabricate a dental article selected from the group consisting of crowns, fillings, mill blanks, orthodontic devices, and prostheses. 116. A method of preparing a dental article comprising: combing a dental filler according to claim 32 and a hardenable resin to form a dental composition; and hardening the composition to fabricate a dental article selected from the group consisting of crowns, fillings, mill blanks, orthodontic devices, and prostheses.