A wet electrolytic capacitor that includes an anode, cathode, and a liquid electrolyte disposed therebetween is provided. The cathode contains a metal oxide coating, such as NbO2, in conjunction with other optional coatings to impart improved properties to the capacitor.
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What is claimed is: 1. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising: an anode; a cathode containing a metal substrate and an oxide coating overlying the metal substrate, the oxide coating comprising a niobium oxide having an atomic ratio of niobium to oxygen of 1:less than 2.5; and a liquid electrolyte
What is claimed is: 1. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising: an anode; a cathode containing a metal substrate and an oxide coating overlying the metal substrate, the oxide coating comprising a niobium oxide having an atomic ratio of niobium to oxygen of 1:less than 2.5; and a liquid electrolyte disposed between the cathode and anode. 2. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the niobium oxide has an atomic ratio of niobium to oxygen of 1:less than 1.5. 3. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the niobium oxide is selected from the group consisting of Nb0.7, NbO1.0, NbO1.1, and NbO2. 4. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the niobium oxide has an atomic ratio of niobium to oxygen of 1:0.5짹0.2. 5. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the niobium oxide is NbO2. 6. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, further comprising a coating that comprises a conductive polymer, the conductive polymer coating overlying the oxide coating. 7. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 6, wherein the conductive polymer is selected from the group consisting of polypyrroles, polythiophenes, polyanilines, polyacetylenes, poly-p-phenylenes, and combinations thereof. 8. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 6, wherein the conductive polymer is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). 9. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 6, further comprising a protective coating positioned between the oxide coating and the conductive polymer coating. 10. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the metal substrate comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, niobium, aluminum, hafnium, titanium, and combinations thereof. 11. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the metal substrate comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, and combinations thereof. 12. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the liquid electrolyte is an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid. 13. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the anode comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of tantalum, aluminum, titanium, niobium, zirconium, hafnium, and combinations thereof. 14. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 13, wherein the anode comprises an oxide or nitride of the metal. 15. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the niobium oxide has a B.E.T. surface area of from about 0.5 m2 /gram to about 40 m2/gram. 16. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the niobium oxide has a particle size of from about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm. 17. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the capacitor has a dissipation factor of less than about 50%. 18. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the capacitor has a volumetric efficiency of greater than about 10,000 μ F*V/cc. 19. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the capacitor has a volumetric efficiency of greater than about 20,000 μ F*V/cc. 20. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the oxide coating has a resistivity of less than about 1횞105 ohm-cm. 21. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 1, wherein the oxide coating has a resistivity of from about 1횞103 to about 1횞104 ohm-cm. 22. A wet electrolytic capacitor comprising: an anode; a cathode comprising a metal substrate, metal oxide coating, protective coating, and conductive polymer coating; and a liquid electrolyte disposed between and in contact with the cathode and the anode. 23. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 22, wherein the metal oxide coating comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of niobium, tantalum, aluminum, titanium, ruthenium, and combinations thereof. 24. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 22, wherein the protective coating overlies the metal oxide coating and the conductive polymer coating overlies the protective coating. 25. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 22, wherein the capacitor has a dissipation factor of less than about 50%. 26. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 22, wherein the capacitor has a volumetric efficiency of greater than about 10,000 μ F*V/cc. 27. The wet electrolytic capacitor of claim 22, wherein the capacitor has a volumetric efficiency of greater than about 20,000 μ F*V/cc.
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