초록 ▼

A catalyst for the hydroprocessing of organic compounds, composed of an interstitial metal hydride having a reaction surface at which monatomic hydrogen is available. The activity of the catalyst is maximized by avoiding surface oxide formation. Transition metals and lanthanide metals compose the co

A catalyst for the hydroprocessing of organic compounds, composed of an interstitial metal hydride having a reaction surface at which monatomic hydrogen is available. The activity of the catalyst is maximized by avoiding surface oxide formation. Transition metals and lanthanide metals compose the compound from which the interstitial metal hydride is formed. The catalyst's capabilities can be further enhanced using radio frequency (RF) or microwave energy.

대표청구항 ▼

The invention claimed is: 1. A catalyst comprising: an interstitial metal hydride having a reaction surface and interstitial sites; monatomic hydrogen at the reaction surface, wherein at least a portion of the monatomic hydrogen at the reaction surface is desorbed from the interstitial sites of the

The invention claimed is: 1. A catalyst comprising: an interstitial metal hydride having a reaction surface and interstitial sites; monatomic hydrogen at the reaction surface, wherein at least a portion of the monatomic hydrogen at the reaction surface is desorbed from the interstitial sites of the interstitial metal hydride; a support on which the interstitial metal hydride is dispersed; and a member selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd and a combination thereof. 2. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the metal hydride comprises particles having diameters from about 0.01 micrometers to about 1000 micrometers. 3. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the reaction surface is substantially free of an oxide layer. 4. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the interstitial metal hydride is in the form of a particle having a diameter; and wherein the reaction surface has an oxide layer having a thickness equal to or less than half the diameter of the interstitial metal hydride particle. 5. The catalyst of claim 4, wherein the thickness of the oxide layer is equal to or less than one quarter the diameter of the interstitial metal hydride particle. 6. The catalyst of claim 4, wherein the thickness of the oxide layer is equal to or less than one tenth the diameter of the interstitial metal hydride particle. 7. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the monatomic hydrogen has a concentration at the catalyst surface and the concentration is maximized by exclusion of oxygen and water vapor at elevated temperatures. 8. The catalyst of claim 1, further comprising an RF or microwave energy absorber in thermal contact with the metal hydride. 9. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the metal hydride functions as a primary RF or microwave energy absorber. 10. The catalyst of claim 1, further comprising at least one hydroprocessing component, wherein exposure to oxygen and water vapor at elevated temperatures is minimized. 11. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the metal hydride is selected from the group consisting of an AT5 catalyst, an A 2T14B catalyst and an A2T catalyst, and combinations thereof, wherein, for the AT5 catalyst, the general formula is A1-xMxT5-y-zByCz with x=0. 0-1.0, y=0.0-2.5, z=0.0-0.5; A═Mm (Mischmetal); T═Ni; M═La, Pr, or Ce; B═Co; C═Mn, Al or Cr; wherein, for the A2T14B catalyst, the general formula is A2-xMxT14-yCyD zB with x=0.0-2.0, y=0.0-14, z=0.0-3.0; A═Nd; T═Fe; M═ La, Pr or Ce; B═Boron; C═Co; D═Cr, Ni or Mn; and wherein, for the A2T catalyst, the general formula is A2-xMxT1-yBy with x=0.0-0.5, y=0.0-0.5; A═Mg; T═Ni or Cu; M═La; B═Fe or Co. 12. A catalyst comprising an interstitial metal hydride having a reaction surface and monatomic hydrogen at the reaction surface, and a support on which the interstitial metal hydride is dispersed, wherein the support is selected from the group consisting of inorganic oxides, carbon, and combinations thereof, and the metal hydride is selected from the group consisting of an AT5 catalyst, an A2T14B catalyst and an A 2T catalyst, and combinations thereof, wherein, for the AT5 catalyst, the general formula is A1-xMxT5-y-zByCz with x=0. 0-1.0, y=0.0-2.5, z=0.0-0.5; A═Mm (Mischmetal); T═Ni; M═La, Pr, or Ce; B═Co; C═Mn, Al or Cr; wherein, for the A2T14B catalyst, the general formula is A2-xMxT14-yCyD zB with x=0.0-2.0, y=0.0-14, z=0.0-3.0; A═Nd; T═Fe; M═ La, Pr or Ce; B═Boron; C═Co; D═Cr, Ni or Mn; and wherein, for the A2T catalyst, the general formula is A2-xMxT1-yBy with x=0.0-0.5, y=0.0-0.5; A═Mg; T═Ni or Cu; M═La; B═Fe or Co. 13. The catalyst of claim 12, wherein the metal hydride comprises particles having diameters from about 0.01 micrometers to about 1000 micrometers. 14. The catalyst of claim 12, wherein the reaction surface is substantially free of an oxide layer. 15. The catalyst of claim 12, wherein the interstitial metal hydride is in the form of a particle having a diameter; and wherein the reaction surface has an oxide layer having a thickness equal to or less than half the diameter of the interstitial metal hydride particle. 16. The catalyst of claim 15, wherein the thickness of the oxide layer is equal to or less than one quarter the diameter of the interstitial metal hydride particle. 17. The catalyst of claim 15, wherein the thickness of the oxide layer is equal to or less than one tenth the diameter of the interstitial metal hydride particle. 18. The catalyst of claim 12, wherein the monatomic hydrogen has a concentration at the catalyst surface and the concentration is maximized by exclusion of oxygen and water vapor at elevated temperatures. 19. The catalyst of claim 12, further comprising an RF or microwave energy absorber in thermal contact with the metal hydride. 20. The catalyst of claim 12, wherein the metal hydride functions as a primary RF or microwave energy absorber. 21. The catalyst of claim 12, further comprising at least one hydroprocessing component, wherein exposure to oxygen and water vapor at elevated temperatures is minimized.