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Methods, systems and devices are described for determining a measurable capacitance for proximity detection in a sensor having a plurality of sensing electrodes and at least one guarding electrode. A charge transfer process is executed for at least two executions. The charge transfer process include

Methods, systems and devices are described for determining a measurable capacitance for proximity detection in a sensor having a plurality of sensing electrodes and at least one guarding electrode. A charge transfer process is executed for at least two executions. The charge transfer process includes applying a pre-determined voltage to at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes using a first switch, applying a first guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode using a second switch, sharing charge between the at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes and a filter capacitance, and applying a second guard voltage different from the first guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode. A voltage is measured on the filter capacitance for a number of measurements equal to at least one to produce at least one result to determine the measurable capacitance for proximity detection.

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What is claimed is: 1. A method for determining a measurable capacitance for proximity detection in a sensor having a plurality of sensing electrodes and at least one guarding electrode, the method comprising: executing a charge transfer process for a number of executions equal to at least two, whe

What is claimed is: 1. A method for determining a measurable capacitance for proximity detection in a sensor having a plurality of sensing electrodes and at least one guarding electrode, the method comprising: executing a charge transfer process for a number of executions equal to at least two, wherein the charge transfer process comprises the steps of: applying a pre-determined voltage to at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes using a first switch; applying a first guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode using a second switch; sharing charge between the at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes and a filter capacitance; and applying a second guard voltage different from the first guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode; and measuring a voltage on the filter capacitance for a number of measurements equal to at least one to produce at least one result to determine the measurable capacitance for proximity detection. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the measuring step comprises comparing the voltage on the filter capacitance with a threshold voltage. 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the threshold voltage is a threshold of a multi-threshold ADC. 4. The method of claim 2 wherein the threshold voltage is a threshold of a digital input. 5. The method of claim 2 wherein the threshold voltage is a threshold of a comparator. 6. The method of claim 2 wherein the first guard voltage is substantially equal to the pre-determined voltage and the second guard voltage is one of the threshold voltage, a reset voltage associated with the filter capacitance, and a voltage between the threshold voltage and the reset voltage. 7. The method of claim 2 wherein a difference between a first average of the first guard voltage and a second average of the second guard voltage is no greater than a difference between the pre-determined voltage and a largest change in a voltage on the measurable capacitance between the charging step and the sharing step of one execution of the charge transfer process, wherein the first average and the second average are both taken over the number of executions. 8. The method of claim 7 wherein the difference between the first average of the first guard voltage and the second average of the second guard voltage is no less than half of a difference between the pre-determined voltage and the threshold voltage. 9. The method claim 1 further comprising the step of ascertaining a value of the measurable capacitance using the number of executions and the at least one result. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising using the value of the measurable capacitance to derive positional information about an object proximate the at least one of the plurality sensing electrodes. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein the number of measurements is at least two. 12. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first guard voltage and the second guard voltage varies between executions of the charge transfer process. 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the at least one of the first guard voltage and the second guard voltage varies during an execution of the charge transfer process. 14. The method of claim 1 further comprising executing a second charge transfer process for a second number of executions equal to at least one, wherein the second charge transfer process comprises the steps of: directing the pre-determined voltage to the at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes; applying a third guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode; distributing charge between the at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes and the filter capacitance; and applying a fourth guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode. 15. The method of claim 14 wherein at least one of the third and fourth guard voltages is substantially equal to one of the first and second guard voltages. 16. The method of claim 15 wherein both the third and fourth guard voltages are substantially equal to the one of the first and second guard voltages. 17. The method of claim 14 further comprising the step of resetting the voltage on the filter capacitance, wherein a difference between a first average of all of the first guard voltages of the number of executions and third guard voltages of the second number of executions together and a second average of all of the second voltages of the number of executions and fourth guard voltages of the second number of executions together is no greater than a difference between the pre-determined voltage and a reset voltage associated with the filter capacitance. 18. The method of claim 1 wherein the second guard voltage is applied using the second switch. 19. The method of claim 1 wherein the second guard voltage is applied using a third switch. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein the sharing step comprises one of actively connecting the at least one sensing electrode with the filter capacitance and passively allowing charge to transfer between the at least one sensing electrode and the filter capacitance. 21. The method of claim 1 wherein the applying of the first guard voltage continues at least until an end of the applying of the pre-determined voltage to the at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes. 22. The method of claim 1 wherein a net charge transferred from the at least one guarding electrode to the filter capacitance between a beginning of a first execution of the number of executions of the charge transfer process and an end of a last measurement of the number of measurements is substantially less than would be transferred if the guarding electrode was held at a substantially constant voltage. 23. The method of claim 1 wherein the first guard voltage is substantially equal to the pre-determined voltage. 24. The method of claim 1 wherein a difference between the first guard voltage and the second guard voltage is substantially no more than a largest change in a voltage on the measurable capacitance between the charging step and the sharing step of one execution of the charge transfer process. 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the measuring step comprises comparing the voltage on the filter capacitance with a threshold voltage, and wherein the difference between the first guard voltage and the second guard voltage is no less than half of a difference between the pre-determined voltage and the threshold voltage. 26. The method of claim 1 wherein one of the step of applying the pre-determined voltage and the step of sharing charge is performed substantially simultaneously with one of the step of applying the first guard voltage and the step of applying the second guard voltage. 27. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of applying the second guard signal begins no later than an end of the sharing step. 28. The method of claim 1 wherein applying the second guard voltage begins no later than a beginning of the measuring step. 29. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of resetting the voltage on the filter capacitance. 30. The method of claim 1 further wherein a difference between the first guard voltage and the second guard voltage does not exceed the difference between the pre-determined voltage and the voltage on the at least one sensing electrode during any sharing step of the number of executions of the charge transfer process. 31. A digital storage device having computer-executable instructions stored thereon configured for executing the method of claim 1. 32. A digital processor configured to execute the method of claim 1. 33. A sensor for determining a measurable capacitance for proximity detection having a plurality of sensing electrodes and at least one guarding electrode, wherein the sensor comprises: means for executing a charge transfer process for a number of executions equal to at least two, wherein the charge transfer process comprises the steps of: applying a pre-determined voltage to at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes using a first switch; applying a first guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode using a second switch; sharing charge between the at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes and a filter capacitance; and applying a second guard voltage different from the first guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode; and means for measuring a voltage on the filter capacitance for a number of measurements equal to at least one to produce at least one result to determine the measurable capacitance for proximity detection. 34. A system for measuring capacitance, the system comprising: a plurality of sensing electrodes; at least one guarding electrode; an electrical network comprising at least one filter capacitance coupled to the plurality of sensing electrodes; a plurality of sensing electrode switches, each coupled to at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes; a first guarding electrode switch coupled to the at least one guarding electrode; and a controller coupled to each of the plurality of sensing electrode switches and to the first guarding electrode switch, wherein the controller is configured to execute a charge transfer process for a number of executions equal to at least two, wherein the charge transfer process comprises applying a pre-determined voltage to at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes using at least one of the plurality of sensing electrode switches, applying a first guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode using the first guarding electrode switch, sharing charge between the at least one of the plurality of sensing electrodes and a filter capacitance, and applying a second guard voltage different from the first guard voltage to the at least one guarding electrode; and wherein the controller is further configured to measure a voltage on the filter capacitance for a number of measurements equal to at least one to produce at least one result to determine the measurable capacitance for proximity detection. 35. The system of claim 34 wherein the controller is further configured to apply the first guard voltage at least through a portion of the applying of the pre-determined voltage. 36. The system of claim 34 wherein the controller is further configured to apply the second guard voltage such that applying of the second guard voltage begins no later than an end of the sharing step. 37. The system of claim 34 wherein the plurality of sensing electrode switches and the first guarding electrode switches comprise signal pins of the controller. 38. The system of claim 34 further comprising a passive guarding network coupling the first guarding electrode switch and the at least one guarding electrode. 39. The system of claim 38 wherein the passive guarding network comprises one of a capacitor and a resistor. 40. The system of claim 38 wherein the passive guarding network comprises an impedance divider. 41. The system of claim 40 wherein the impedance divider comprises a first component coupled between the at least one guarding electrode and a first reference voltage, and a second component coupled between the first guarding electrode switch and one of the first reference voltage and a second reference voltage. 42. The system of claim 40 wherein the impedance divider comprises a first component coupled between the at least one guarding electrode and a first reference voltage, and a second component coupled between a second guarding electrode switch and one of the first reference voltage and a second reference voltage. 43. The system of claim 40 wherein the impedance divider comprises a first component and a second component, wherein the first component comprises one of a capacitor and a resistor coupled between the at least one guarding electrode and a first reference voltage, and wherein the second component comprises one of a capacitor and a resistor coupled between one of the first guarding electrode switch and a second guarding electrode switch and one of the first reference voltage and a second reference voltage. 44. The system of claim 40 wherein the impedance divider comprises: a first node coupled to the first guarding electrode switch and to the at least one guarding electrode; and a second node coupled to a reference voltage. 45. The system of claim 34 wherein the controller is configured to apply the first and second guard voltages by switching the first guarding electrode switch between a connection to a reference voltage and an open circuit condition. 46. The system of claim 34 wherein the controller is configured to apply the first and second guard voltages by switching the first guarding electrode switch between connections to a first reference voltage and a second reference voltage. 47. The system of claim 46 wherein at least one of the first and second reference voltages comprises a power supply voltage. 48. The system of claim 46 wherein the first reference voltage comprises a first power supply voltage, and the second reference voltage comprises a second power supply voltage different from the first power supply voltage.