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Nanocomposite surgical materials, such as cements, having very fine heterogenous structure are formed by incorporating into a polymeric matrix a well dispersed solid filler having an average mass diameter ranging from about 750 nanometers to about 1 nanometer. The average ligament thickness of the s

Nanocomposite surgical materials, such as cements, having very fine heterogenous structure are formed by incorporating into a polymeric matrix a well dispersed solid filler having an average mass diameter ranging from about 750 nanometers to about 1 nanometer. The average ligament thickness of the surgical composite cements ranges from about 750 nanometers to about 1 nanometer. Methods and apparatus for avoiding air contact during the preparation and transfer of a cement to an in vivo site are described.

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What is claimed is: 1. A nanocomposite surgical material comprising: (a) a polymer matrix formed by polymerizing a liquid component and polymeric powder particles; and (b) nanoencapsulated solid filler dispersed within the polymer matrix to produce a composite surgical material having an average ma

What is claimed is: 1. A nanocomposite surgical material comprising: (a) a polymer matrix formed by polymerizing a liquid component and polymeric powder particles; and (b) nanoencapsulated solid filler dispersed within the polymer matrix to produce a composite surgical material having an average matrix ligament thickness of less than 1000 nanometers, wherein at least a portion of the filler has radio-opaque properties or includes at bioactive or pharmaceutical compound and is present in regions occupied by the polymerized liquid component. 2. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the average matrix ligament thickness is less than 750 nanometers. 3. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the average matrix ligament thickness is less than 500 nanometers. 4. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the average matrix ligament thickness is less than 300 nanometers. 5. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the polymer matrix is non-biodegradable. 6. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 5 wherein the polymer matrix includes an acrylic polymer. 7. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the polymer matrix of step (a) is formed by polymerizing the liquid component, wherein the liquid component comprises a monomer, and the polymeric powder particles, wherein the polymeric powder particles comprise a pre-polymerized polymer component. 8. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 7 wherein the pre-polymerized polymer component is poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(methyl methacrylate-co-styrene) or any combination thereof, and the monomer is methyl methacrylate. 9. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the nanocomposite surgical material is in the form of a pre-polymerized surgical implant. 10. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the polymer matrix is biodegradable. 11. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 10 wherein the polymer matrix includes polylactic acid. 12. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 10 wherein the polymer matrix includes polyglycolic acid. 13. The nanocomposite surgical cement of claim 10 wherein the nanocomposite surgical material is in the form of a prepolymerized surgical implant. 14. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the nanocomposite surgical material is a surgical cement. 15. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the nanoencapsulated solid filler has an average mass diameter which is less than 1000 nanometers. 16. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the nanoencapsulated solid filler has an average mass diameter ranging from about 750 nanometers to about 1 nanometer. 17. A nanocomposite surgical material comprising: (a) a polymer matrix formed by polymerizing a liquid component and polymeric powder particles; and (b) nanoencapsulated solid filler dispersed within the polymer matrix to produce a composite surgical material; wherein the nanoencapsulated solid filler has an average mass diameter of less than 1000 nanometers and wherein at least a portion of the filler has radio-opaque properties or includes a bioactive or pharmaceutical compound and is present in regions occupied by the polymerized liquid component. 18. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 17 wherein the nanoencapsulated solid filler has an average mass diameter ranging from about 750 nanometers and about 1 nanometer. 19. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 1 wherein the solid filler is nanoencapsulated prior to addition of the polymeric powder. 20. The nanocomposite surgical material of claim 17 wherein the nanoencapsulated solid filler is nanoencapsulated prior to addition of the polymeric powder.