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Cooling apparatus comprises a vacuum chamber, an inner chamber positioned within the vacuum chamber adapted to contain a coolant for cooling target apparatus, and a mechanical refrigerator for refrigerating the coolant and having at least one cooled part in contact with the coolant. The mechanical r

Cooling apparatus comprises a vacuum chamber, an inner chamber positioned within the vacuum chamber adapted to contain a coolant for cooling target apparatus, and a mechanical refrigerator for refrigerating the coolant and having at least one cooled part in contact with the coolant. The mechanical refrigerator is coupled to one or each of the vacuum chamber and inner chamber through vibration-reducing couplings, so as to reduce the effect upon the target apparatus of vibrations from the mechanical refrigerator.

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We claim: 1. Cooling apparatus for cooling a target apparatus, comprising: a vacuum chamber; an inner chamber positioned within the vacuum chamber and adapted in use to contain a coolant for cooling the target apparatus within the interior of the inner chamber; and a mechanical refrigerator for ref

We claim: 1. Cooling apparatus for cooling a target apparatus, comprising: a vacuum chamber; an inner chamber positioned within the vacuum chamber and adapted in use to contain a coolant for cooling the target apparatus within the interior of the inner chamber; and a mechanical refrigerator for refrigerating the coolant and having at least one cooled part in contact with the coolant, wherein the mechanical refrigerator is coupled to at least one of the vacuum chamber and the inner chamber only through vibration-reducing couplings so as to reduce the effect of vibrations from the mechanical refrigerator upon the target apparatus, the at least one cooled part is in gaseous communication with the interior of the inner chamber such that the at least one cooled part in contact with the coolant shares a common pressure environment with the inner chamber interior, and each cooled part of the mechanical refrigerator is in gaseous communication with the interior of the inner chamber. 2. Cooling apparatus according to claim 1, further comprising one or more radiation shields positioned between walls of the vacuum chamber and inner chamber. 3. Cooling apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each coupling between the mechanical refrigerator and at least one of the vacuum chamber, radiation shield(s) or inner chamber is a vibration-reducing coupling. 4. Cooling apparatus according to claim 2, wherein each of the vacuum chamber, radiation shield(s) and inner chamber are coupled to the cooling apparatus using vibration-reducing couplings. 5. Cooling apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the vibration-reducing coupling(s) are resilient coupling(s). 6. Cooling apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the resilient coupling(s) comprise bellows. 7. Cooling apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the bellows act as walls of variable length separating regions at different operational pressures. 8. Cooling apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the bellows are formed from stainless steel. 9. Cooling apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the bellows comprise joined ring members. 10. Cooling apparatus according to claim 2, wherein, when one or more vibration-reducing couplings are provided to the radiation shield(s), the couplings comprise braided thermally conducting wires. 11. Cooling apparatus according to claim 2, wherein one or more coupling flanges are provided for coupling the vibration-reducing couplings to other components. 12. Cooling apparatus according to claim 11, wherein the mechanical refrigerator further comprises one or more flanges for coupling to the coupling flanges. 13. Cooling apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the mechanical refrigerator has a first refrigerator flange for coupling to a corresponding first coupling flange and a second refrigerator flange located at a first cooled part of the refrigerator for coupling to a corresponding second coupling flange. 14. Cooling apparatus according to claim 13, wherein, when the radiation shield(s) is provided with a corresponding vibration-reducing coupling, the radiation shield(s) is coupled to the second coupling flange through the coupling. 15. Cooling apparatus according to claim 13, wherein, when the inner chamber is provided with a corresponding vibration-reducing coupling, the inner chamber is coupled to the second coupling flange through the coupling. 16. Cooling apparatus according to claim 13, wherein a separating wall is provided between the first and second flanges so as to separate the respective environments of the inner chamber and vacuum chamber. 17. Cooling apparatus according to claim 16, wherein the separating wall comprises bellows. 18. Cooling apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the vacuum chamber is provided with a corresponding vacuum chamber flange. 19. Cooling apparatus according to claim 13, wherein a separating wall is provided between the first and vacuum flanges so as to separate the vacuum chamber environment from the external environment. 20. Cooling apparatus according to claim 19, wherein when a vibration-reducing coupling is provided between the mechanical refrigerator and the vacuum chamber, the separating wall comprises the coupling. 21. Cooling apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the separating wall coupling is a resilient coupling in the form of bellows. 22. Cooling apparatus according to claim 18, wherein when the mechanical refrigerator is coupled to the vacuum chamber flange through a vibration-reducing coupling, the coupling comprises a spring arranged to bear the forces generated by the weight of the mechanical refrigerator and/or the pressure difference between the interior and exterior of the vacuum chamber when in use. 23. Cooling apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mechanical refrigerator comprises a plurality of cooled stages. 24. Cooling apparatus for cooling a target apparatus, comprising: a vacuum chamber: an inner chamber positioned within the vacuum chamber and adapted in use to contain a coolant for cooling the target apparatus within the interior of the inner chamber; and a mechanical refrigerator for refrigerating the coolant and having at least one cooled part in contact with the coolant, wherein the mechanical refrigerator is coupled to at least one of the vacuum chamber and the inner chamber only through vibration-reducing couplings so as to reduce the effect of vibrations from the mechanical refrigerator upon the target apparatus, the at least one cooled part is in gaseous communication with the interior of the inner chamber such that the at least one cooled part in contact with the coolant shares a common pressure environment with the inner chamber interior, the mechanical refrigerator comprises a plurality of cooled stages, and each cooled stage is in contact with the coolant. 25. Cooling apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the mechanical refrigerator is a two stage device having a first stage cooled to a first temperature below ambient temperature and a second stage cooled to a second temperature lower than the first temperature. 26. Cooling apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the first stage is used to cool the radiation shield(s). 27. Cooling apparatus for cooling a target apparatus, comprising: a vacuum chamber; an inner chamber positioned within the vacuum chamber and adapted in use to contain a coolant for cooling the target apparatus within the interior of the inner chamber; a mechanical refrigerator for refrigerating the coolant and having at least one cooled part in contact with the coolant; and one or more radiation shields positioned between walls of the vacuum chamber and inner chamber, wherein the mechanical refrigerator is coupled to at least one of the vacuum chamber and the inner chamber only through vibration-reducing couplings so as to reduce the effect of vibrations from the mechanical refrigerator upon the target apparatus, the at least one cooled part is in gaseous communication with the interior of the inner chamber such that the at least one cooled part in contact with the coolant shares a common pressure environment with the inner chamber interior, the mechanical refrigerator is a two stage device having a first stage cooled to a first temperature below ambient temperature and a second stage cooled to a second temperature lower than the first temperature, and each cooled stage is arranged in a common pressure environment with the inner chamber. 28. Cooling apparatus according to claim 27, wherein the mechanical refrigerator is a pulse tube refrigerator. 29. Cooling apparatus according to claim 28, wherein a regenerator and/or pulse tubes separating the cooling stages are also in a common pressure environment with the interior of the inner chamber. 30. Cooling apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the mechanical refrigerator is removably mounted to the target apparatus such that any vacuum within the vacuum chamber is maintained upon removal of the mechanical refrigerator. 31. Cooling apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the first and the second refrigerator flanges are mounted to and are removably with the mechanical refrigerator. 32. Cooling apparatus according to claim 25, wherein the second cooled stage is used to cool a recondenser for condensing gaseous coolant from the inner chamber.