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A secure and modular architecture for monitoring and controlling clusters of pay entertainment and gaming devices. The architecture allows flexible and secure use of state-of-the-art multimedia and Internet technologies to attract the younger player generation used to flashy and networked games. Cas

A secure and modular architecture for monitoring and controlling clusters of pay entertainment and gaming devices. The architecture allows flexible and secure use of state-of-the-art multimedia and Internet technologies to attract the younger player generation used to flashy and networked games. Cash or cash-less entertainment and gaming devices are supported.

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What is claimed is: 1. A gaming system, comprising: a communication network; at least one central server, each including a first computer means and a first network interface, the first network interface being coupled to the first computer means and to the communication network; a first network serv

What is claimed is: 1. A gaming system, comprising: a communication network; at least one central server, each including a first computer means and a first network interface, the first network interface being coupled to the first computer means and to the communication network; a first network service oriented software executing in the first computer means of each of the at least one central server, the first network service oriented software including: at least one high-level function; and a first network software interface configured to, via the first network interface, (a) provide the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request to consume the at least one high-level function or (b) enable execution of the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request for execution via a remote procedure call; at least one gaming terminal, each including a second network interface and a second computer means configured to control game software of the gaming terminal, the second network interface being coupled to the second computer means and to the communication network, and a second network service oriented software executing in the second computer means of each of the at least one gaming terminal, the second network service oriented software including: at least one function call; and a second network software interface configured to, upon execution of the at least one function call and via the second network interface, enable the at least one function call to (a) consume the at least one high-level function provided by the at least one central server or to (b) request via remote procedure call that the at least one central server executes the at least one high-level function. 2. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the game software of the gaming terminal is configured to execute at least one function call during a player wagering session. 3. The gaming system of claim 2, wherein the at least one function call is configured to return and to allow the game software to resume execution upon successful completion of the execution of the at least one high-level function. 4. The gaming system of claim 2, wherein the at least one high-level function includes one of a business function, an audit function, an authentication function, a biometric identification function, a graphics rendering computation function, and an outcome determination function. 5. The gaming system of claim 2, wherein the at least one central server includes a payment verification unit. 6. The gaming system of claim 5, wherein the payment verification unit is configured so as to operate unattended. 7. The gaming system of claim 2, wherein the at least one gaming terminal includes at least one of a cashless gaming terminal, a cash gaming terminal and an entertainment machine. 8. The gaming system of claim 2, wherein the first network service oriented software and the second network service oriented software are configured for at least one of asynchronous notification of events, COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 9. The gaming system of claim 8, wherein the asynchronous notification of events includes at least one of a binding function and a callback function of one of COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 10. The gaming system of claim 2, wherein the at least one gaming terminal communicates with the at least one central server using at least one of an IP protocol, a secure protocol, a secure IP protocol, an IPSec protocol, a VPN tunneling protocol, a Kerberos protocol and a SSL protocol. 11. The gaining system of claim 1, wherein the first computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 12. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the first computer means comprises a plurality of computers configured fur load balancing. 13. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the second computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 14. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the first network service oriented software comprises a plurality of first network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one high-level function. 15. The gaming system of claim 1, wherein the second network service oriented software comprises a plurality of second network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one function call. 16. A gaming system, comprising: a communication network; at least one gaming terminal, each including a first computer means configured to control game software of the gaming terminal and a first network interface, the first network interface being coupled to the first computer means and to the communication network; a first network service oriented software executing in first computer means of each of the at least one gaming terminal, the network service oriented software including: at least one high-level function; and a first network software interface configured to, via the first network interface, (a) provide the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request to consume the at least one high-level function or (b) enable execution of the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request for execution via a remote procedure call; at least one central server each including a second computer means and a second network interface, the second network interface being coupled to the second computer means and to the communication network, and a second network service oriented software executing in the second computer means of each of the at least one central server, the second network service oriented software including: at least one function call; and a second network software interface configured to, upon execution of the at least one function call and via the second network interface, enable the at least one function call to (a) consume the at least one high-level function provided by the at least one gaming terminal or to (b) request via remote procedure call that the at least one gaming terminal executes the at least one high-level function. 17. The gaming system of claim 16, wherein a selected one of the second computer means of the at least one computer servers is configured to execute at least one function call during a player wagering session. 18. The gaming system of claim 17, wherein the at least one function call is configured to return and to allow the software that calls the at least one function call to resume execution upon successful completion of the execution of the at least one high-level function. 19. The gaining system of claim 16, wherein the at least one high-level function includes one of a business function, an audit function, an authentication function, a biometric identification function, a graphics rendering computation function, and an outcome determination function. 20. The gaming system of claim 16, wherein the at least one central server includes a payment verification unit. 21. The gaming system of claim 20, wherein the payment verification unit is configured so as to operate unattended. 22. The gaming system of claim 16, wherein the at least one gaming terminal includes at least one of a cashless gaming terminal, a cash gaming terminal and an entertainment machine. 23. The gaming system of claim 16, wherein the first network service oriented software and the second network service oriented software are configured for at least one of asynchronous notification of events, COW+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 24. The gaming system of claim 23, wherein the asynchronous notification of events includes at least one of a binding function and a callback function of one of COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 25. The gaming system according to claim 16, wherein the at least one gaming terminal communicates with the at least one central server using at least one of an IP protocol, a secure protocol, a secure IP protocol, an IPSec protocol, a VPN tunneling protocol, a Kerberos protocol and a SSL protocol. 26. The gaming system of claim 16, wherein the first computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 27. The gaming system of claim 16, wherein the second computer means comprises a plurality of computers configured for load balancing. 28. The gaming system of claim 16, wherein the second computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 29. The gaming system of claim 16, wherein the first network service oriented software comprises a plurality of first network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one high-level function. 30. The gaming system of claim 16, wherein the second network service oriented software comprises a plurality of second network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one function call. 31. A gaining system, comprising: a communication network; a plurality of central servers, each of the plurality including a first computer means and a first network interface, the first network interface being coupled to the first computer means and to the communication network; a first network service oriented software executing in the first computer means of each of the plurality of central severs, the first network service oriented software including: at least one high-level function; and a first network software interface configured to, via the first network interface, (a) provide the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request to consume the at least one high-level function or (b) enable execution of the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request for execution via a remote procedure call; a plurality of gaming terminals, each of the plurality including a second network interface and a second computer means configured to control game software of the gaining terminal, the second network interface being coupled to the second computer means and to the communication network, and a second network service oriented software executing in the second computer means of each of the plurality of gaming terminals, the second network service oriented software including: at least one function call; and a second network software interface configured to, upon execution of the at least one function call and via the second network interface, enable the at least one function call to (a) consume the at least one high-level function provided by at least one of the central servers or to (b) request via remote procedure call that at least one of the central servers execute the at least one high-level function, the at least one high-level function executing in the first computer means of selected ones of the plurality of central servers, the first computer means being configured to execute the at least one high-level function upon execution of the at least one function call executing in the second computer means of selected ones of the plurality of gaming terminals. 32. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein the plurality of central servers includes a number of computer servers that is at least equal to a number of operating ones of the plurality of gaming machines. 33. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein selected ones of the first computer means and selected ones of the second computer means are configured to operate in a manner selected from one of: (a) a one-to-one manner wherein the at least one high-level function of each first computer means is provided to or executed for the at least one function call of a single second computer means; (b) a one-to-many manner wherein the at least one high-level function of each first computer means is provided to or executed for the at least one function call of a plurality of second computer means; (c) a many-to-one manner, wherein the at least one high-level function of a plurality of first computer means is provided to or executed for the at least one function call of a single second computer means. 34. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein the game software of each of the plurality of gaming terminals executes at least one function call during a player wagering session. 35. The gaming system of claim 34, wherein the at least one function call is configured to return and to allow the game software to resume execution upon successful completion of the execution of the at least one high-level function. 36. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein the at least one high-level function includes one of a business function, an audit function, an authentication function, a biometric identification function, a graphics rendering computation function, and an outcome determination function. 37. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein each of the plurality of central servers includes a payment verification unit. 38. The gaming system of claim 37, wherein the payment verification unit is configured so as to operate unattended. 39. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein at least one of the plurality of gaming terminals includes at least one of a cashless gaming terminal, a cash gaming terminal and an entertainment machine. 40. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein the first network service oriented software and the second network service oriented software are configured for at least one of asynchronous notification of events, COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 41. The gaming system of claim 40, wherein the asynchronous notification of events includes at least one of a binding function and a callback function of one of COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 42. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein at least one of the plurality of gaming terminals communicates with at least one of the plurality of central servers using at least one of an IP protocol, a secure protocol, a secure IP protocol, an IPSec protocol, a VFN tunneling protocol, a Kerberos protocol and a SSL protocol. 43. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein the first computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 44. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein the first computer means comprises a plurality of computers configured for load balancing. 45. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein the second computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 46. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein the first network service oriented software comprises a plurality of first network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one high-level function. 47. The gaming system of claim 31, wherein the second network service oriented software comprises a plurality of second network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one function call. 48. A gaining system, comprising: a communication network; a plurality of gaming terminals, each of the plurality including a first network interface and a first computer means configured to control game software of the gaming terminal, the first network interface being coupled to the first computer means and to the communication network; a first network service oriented software executing in the first computer means of each of the plurality of gaming terminals, the first network service oriented software including: at least one high-level function; and a first network software interface configured to, via the first network interface, (a) provide the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request to consume the at least one high-level function or (b) enable execution of the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request for execution via a remote procedure call; a plurality of central servers, each of the plurality including a second computer means and a second network interface, the second network interface being coupled to second computer means and to the communication network; and a second network service oriented software executing in the second computer means of each of the plurality of central servers, the second network service oriented software including: at least one function call; and a second network software interface configured to, upon execution of the at least one function call and via the second network interface, enable the at least one function call to (a) consume the at least one high-level function provided by at least one of the gaming terminals or to (b) request via remote procedure call that at least one of the gaming terminals execute the at least one high-level function, the at least one high-level function executing in the first computer means of selected ones of the plurality of the gaming terminals, the first computer means being configured to execute the at least one high-level function upon execution of the at least one function call executing in the second computer means of selected ones of the plurality of central servers. 49. The gaining system of claim 48, wherein the plurality of central servers includes a number of computer servers that is at least equal to a number of operating ones of the plurality of gaming machines. 50. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein selected ones of the first computer means and selected ones of the second computer means are configured to operate in a manner selected from one of: (a) a one-to-one maimer wherein the at least one high-level function of each first computer means is provided to or executed for the at least one function call of a single second computer means; (b) a one-to-many manner wherein the at least one high-level function of each first computer means is provided to or executed for the at least one function call of a plurality of second computer means; (c) a many-to-one manner wherein the at least one high-level function of a plurality of first computer means is provided to or executed for the at least one function call of a single second computer means. 51. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein a selected one of the second computer means of the at least one central server is configured to execute at least one function call during a player wagering session. 52. The gaming system of claim 51, wherein the at least one function call is configured to return and to allow the software that calls the at least one function call to resume execution upon successful completion of the execution of the at least one high-level function. 53. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein the at least one high-level function includes one of a business function, an audit function, an authentication function, a biometric identification function, a graphics rendering computation function, and an outcome determination function. 54. The gaining system of claim 48, wherein at least one of the plurality of central servers includes a payment verification unit. 55. The gaining system of claim 54, wherein the payment verification unit is configured so as to operate unattended. 56. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein at least one of the plurality of gaming terminals further includes at least one specialized device coupled to the at least one gaming terminal, each specialized device being configured to perform specialized functions that include both software control functions and hardware functions, each specialized device including: a third computer means having software configured to perform the software control functions of the specialized functions; hardware means configured to perform the hardware functions of the specialized functions under the control of the software control functions; a third network interface coupled to the third computer means and to the communication network; at least one third network service oriented software executing in third computer means, the at least one first network service oriented software including: at least one second high-level function; and a third network software interface configured to, via the third network interface and independently of the first computer means of the gaming terminal to which the at least one specialized device is coupled, (a) provide the at least one second high-level function upon receiving a request to consume the at least one second high-level function or (b) enable execution of the at least one second high-level function upon receiving a request for execution via a remote procedure call. 57. The gaming system of claim 56, wherein at least one of the plurality of central servers is to configured to, upon execution of the at least one function call and via the second network interface, enable the at least one function call to (a) consume the at least one second high-level function provided by at least one specialized device or to (b) request via remote procedure call that at least one of the specialized device execute the at least one second high-level function, the at least one second high-level function executing in the third computer means of selected ones of the plurality of the specialized devices, the third computer means being configured to execute the at least one second high-level function upon execution of the at least one function call executing in the second computer means of selected ones of the plurality of central servers. 58. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein at least one of the plurality of gaming terminals includes at least one of a cashless gaming terminal, a cash gaming terminal and an entertainment machine. 59. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein the first network service oriented software and the second network service oriented software is configured for at least one of asynchronous notification of events, COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 60. The gaming system of claim 59, wherein the asynchronous notification of events includes at least one of a binding function and a callback function of one of COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 61. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein at least one of the plurality of gaming terminals communicates with at least one of the plurality of central servers using at least one of an IP protocol, a secure protocol, a secure IP protocol, an IPSec protocol, a VPN tunneling protocol, a Kerberos protocol and a SSL protocol. 62. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein the first computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 63. The gaining system of claim 48, wherein the second computer means comprises a plurality of computers configured for load balancing. 64. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein the second computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 65. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein the at least one specialized device is mechanically fitted inside or to a side of each of the gaming machine. 66. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein the first network service oriented software comprises a plurality of first network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one high-level function. 67. The gaming system of claim 48, wherein the second network service oriented software comprises a plurality of second network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one function call. 68. A gaming system, comprising: a communication network; at least one gaming terminal, each including a first computer means that is configured to control game software of the gaming terminal; at least one specialized device coupled to the at least one gaming terminal, each specialized device being configured to perform specialized functions that include both software control functions and hardware functions, each specialized device including: a second computer means having software configured to perform the software control functions of the specialized functions; hardware means configured to perform the hardware functions of the specialized functions under the control of the software control functions; a first network interface coupled to the second computer means and to the communication network; at least one first network service oriented software executing in second computer means, the at least one first network service oriented software including: at least one high-level function; and a first network software interface configured to, via the first network interface and independently of the first computer means of the gaming terminal to which the at least one specialized device is coupled, (a) provide the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request to consume the at least one high-level function or (b) enable execution of the at least one high-level function upon receiving a request for execution via a remote procedure call; at least one central server, each including a third computer means and a second network interface, the second network interface being coupled to the third computer means and to the communication network, and at least one second network service oriented software executing in third computer means, the at least one second network service oriented software including: at least one first function call; and a second network software interface configured to, upon execution of the at least one function call and via the second network interface, enable the at least one function call to (a) consume the at least one high-level function provided by the at least one specialized device or to (b) request via remote procedure call that the at least one specialized device executes the at least one high-level function. 69. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the at least one gaming terminal further comprises: (a) a third network interface, the third network interface being coupled to first computer means and to the communication network, and (b) at least one third network service oriented software executing in the first computer means, the at least one third network service oriented software including: at least one second function call; and a third network software interface configured to, upon execution of the at least one second function call and via the third network interface, enable the at least one second function call to (a) consume the at least one high-level function provided by the at least one specialized device or to (b) request via remote procedure call that the at least one specialized device executes the at least one high-level function. 70. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein a selected one of the second computer means of the at least one computer servers is configured to execute at least one function call during a player wagering session. 71. The gaming system of claim 70, wherein the at least one first function call is configured to return and to allow the software that calls the at least one first function call to resume execution upon successful completion of the execution of the at least one high-level function. 72. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the at least one high-level function includes one of a business function, an audit function, an authentication function, a biometric identification function, a graphics rendering computation function, and an outcome determination function. 73. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the at least one specialized device includes at least one of a player identification device, a device configured to handle payments to and/or from a player and a random number generator. 74. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the at least one central server includes a payment verification unit. 75. The gaining system of claim 74, wherein the payment verification unit is configured so as to operate unattended. 76. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein teat least one gaming terminal includes at least one of a cashless gaming terminal, a cash gaming terminal and an entertainment machine. 77. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the first network service oriented software and second network service oriented software include at least one of asynchronous notification of events, COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 78. The gaming system of claim 77, wherein the asynchronous notification of events includes at least one of a binding function and a callback function of one of COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 79. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the at least one specialized device communicates over the communication network using at least one of an IP protocol, a secure protocol, a secure IP protocol, an IPSec protocol, a VPN tunneling protocol, a Kerberos protocol and a SSL protocol. 80. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the first computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 81. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the third computer means comprises a plurality of computers configured for load balancing. 82. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the second computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 83. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the at least one specialized device is mechanically fitted inside or to a side of each of the gaming machine. 84. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the first network service oriented software comprises a plurality of first network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one high-level function. 85. The gaming system of claim 68, wherein the second network service oriented software comprises a plurality of second network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one function call. 86. A gaming system, comprising: a communication network; at least one central server, each including a first computer means and a first network interface, the first network interface being coupled to the first computer means and to the communication network; and at least one first network service oriented software executing in first computer means, the at least one first network service oriented software including: at least one first high-level function; and a first network software interface configured to, via the first network interface, (a) provide the at least one first high-level function upon receiving a request to consume the at least one first high-level function or (b) enable execution of the at least one first high-level function upon receiving a request for execution via a remote procedure call; at least one gaming terminal, each including a second computer means that is configured to control game software of the gaming terminal; at least one specialized device coupled to each of the at least one gaming terminal, each specialized device being configured to perform specialized functions for each gaming terminal that include both software control functions and hardware functions, each specialized device including: a third computer means having software configured to perform the software control functions of the specialized functions; hardware means configured to perform the hardware functions of the specialized functions under the control of the software control functions; a second network interface coupled to the third computer means and to the communication network; at least one second network service oriented software executing in third computer means, the at least one second network service oriented software including: at least one function call; and a second network software interface configured to, upon execution of the at least one function call and independently of the second computer means of the gaming terminal to which the at least one specialized device is coupled, enable the at least one function call to (a) consume the at least one first high-level function provided by the at least one central server or to (b) request via remote procedure call that the at least one central server executes the at least one first high-level function, via the second network interface. 87. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the at least one gaming terminal further includes: a third network interface, the third network interface being coupled to second computer means and to the communication network, at least one third network service oriented software executing in second computer means, the at least one third network service oriented software including: at least one second high-level function; and a third network software interface configured to, via the third network interface, (a) provide the at least one second high-level function upon receiving a request to consume the at least one second high-level function or (b) enable execution of the at least one second high-level function upon receiving a request for execution of a remote procedure call. 88. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the software control functions of the specialized functions execute at least one function call during a player wagering session. 89. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the second computer means of a selected one of the gaming terminals is configured to execute at least one second high-level function during a player wagering session played on the gaming terminal. 90. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein to at least one function call of the specialized device is configured to return and to allow the software control functions of the specialized device to resume execution upon successful completion of the execution of the at least one first high-level function that the at least one central server executes. 91. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the at least one function call of the specialized device is configured to return and to allow the software control functions of the specialized device to resume execution upon successful completion of the execution of the at least one second high-level function that the at least one gaming terminal executes. 92. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the at least one high-level function includes one of a business function, an audit function, an authentication function, a biometric identification function, a graphics rendering computation function, and an outcome determination function. 93. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the at least one specialized device includes at least one of a player identification device, a device configured to handle payments to and/or from a player and a random number generator. 94. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the at least one central server includes a payment verification unit. 95. The gaming system of claim 94, wherein the payment verification unit is configured to operated unattended. 96. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the at least one gaming terminal includes at least one of a cashless gaming terminal, a cash gaming terminal and an entertainment machine. 97. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the first network service oriented software and second network service oriented software include at least one of asynchronous notification of events, COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba, SOAP and UDDI. 98. The gaming system of claim 97, wherein the asynchronous notification of events includes at least one of a binding function and a callback function of one of COM+, DCOM, Microsoft Remoting, Corba SOAP and UDDI. 99. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the at least one specialized device communicates over the communication network using at least one of an IP protocol, a secure protocol, a secure IP protocol, an IPSec protocol, a VPN tunneling protocol, a Kerberos protocol and a SSL protocol. 100. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the first computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 101. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the first computer means comprises a plurality of computers configured for load balancing. 102. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the second computer means comprises a plurality of computers, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined computer role or processing role. 103. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the specialized device is fitted to a side or inside the gaming machine. 104. The gaming system of claim 86, wherein the first network service oriented software comprises a plurality of first network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one high-level function. 105. The gaining system of claim 86, wherein the second network service oriented software comprises a plurality of second network service oriented software, each of the plurality being configured for a predetermined class of at least one function call.