초록

A method of making a photovoltaic cell includes contacting a cross-linking agent with semiconductor particles, and incorporating the semiconductor particles into the photovoltaic cell.

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What is claimed is: 1. A photovoltaic cell, comprising: a first substrate having semiconductor particles disposed thereon, and an electronically conducting, molecular crosslinking agent that forms oxide bridges to the particles; and a second substrate electrically connected to the first substrate,

What is claimed is: 1. A photovoltaic cell, comprising: a first substrate having semiconductor particles disposed thereon, and an electronically conducting, molecular crosslinking agent that forms oxide bridges to the particles; and a second substrate electrically connected to the first substrate, wherein the crosslinking agent is different than the semiconductor particles, comprises a metal, comprises an identical chemical bond as in the semiconductor particles, and provides an electronic connection between the semiconductor particles. 2. The cell of claim 1, wherein one of the substrates is flexible. 3. The cell of claim 1, wherein one of the substrates comprises a polymeric material. 4. The cell of claim 1, wherein one of the substrates comprises a polyimide. 5. The cell of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor particles are between the first and second substrates. 6. The cell of claim 5, further comprising a polymeric polyelectrolyte between the first and second substrates. 7. The cell of claim 6, wherein the polyelectrolyte comprises: about 5% to about 100% by weight of a polymer; and about 5% to about 95% by weight of a plasticizer; and about 0.5 M to about 10 M of a redox electrolyte. 8. The cell of claim 1, further comprising a dye disposed on the semiconductor particles. 9. The cell of claim 1, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises a chemical element that is of the same type as a chemical element in the semiconductor particles. 10. The cell of claim 9, wherein the chemical element is the metal. 11. The cell of claim 9, wherein the chemical element is selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, and zinc. 12. The cell of claim 1, wherein the chemical bond is a metal to non-metal bond. 13. The cell of claim 1, wherein the chemical bond is a metal-oxygen bond. 14. The cell of claim 1, wherein both of the substrates are flexible. 15. The cell of claim 1, wherein both of the substrates comprise a polymeric material. 16. The photovoltaic cell of claim 1, wherein the semiconductor particles comprise nanoparticles. 17. The photovoltaic cell of claim 16, wherein the nanoparticles have a diameter of up to about 100 nanometers. 18. A photovoltaic cell, comprising: a first electrode comprising semiconductor particles and an electronically conducting, molecular crosslinking agent that forms oxide bridges to connect the particles, the crosslinking agent being different than the semiconductor particles and comprising a metal; a second electrode; and a polymeric electrolyte between the first and second electrodes, the electrolyte comprising about 5% to about 100% by weight of a polymer; about 5% to about 95% by weight of a plasticizer; and about 0.5 M to about 10 M of a redox electrolyte, wherein the crosslinking agent comprises an identical chemical bond as in the semiconductor particles, and provides an electronic connection between the semiconductor particles. 19. The photovoltaic cell of claim 18, wherein the semiconductor particles comprise nanoparticles. 20. The photovoltaic cell of claim 19, wherein the nanoparticles have a diameter of up to about 100 nanometers.