초록

Nanoparticles having designed or engineered coatings that provide enhanced or improved characteristics to the coated nanoparticles and methods for forming the improved nanoparticles from oxide or ceramic coated nanoparticles.

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What is claimed is: 1. A reactive nanoparticle, comprising: a nanoparticle; and a reactive organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle, wherein the organic molecular coating comprises an explosive or a propellant. 2. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said nanopart

What is claimed is: 1. A reactive nanoparticle, comprising: a nanoparticle; and a reactive organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle, wherein the organic molecular coating comprises an explosive or a propellant. 2. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, molybdenum, zirconium, silicon, magnesium, calcium, arsenic, gallium, copper, iron, titanium, phosphorus, boron, sodium, and potassium. 3. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating surrounding said nanoparticle comprises an explosive. 4. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 3, wherein said explosive comprises an explosive selected from the group consisting of TNT, Tetryl, RDX, and PETN. 5. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle comprises a propellant. 6. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle comprises a photoinitiator. 7. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle comprises a molecular coating that releases an oxygen singlet upon reaction. 8. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle comprises a polar molecular coating. 9. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle comprises a non-polar molecular coating. 10. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle comprises molecules of the organic coating having a binding end with an affinity for the surface of said nanoparticle. 11. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 10, wherein said binding ends having an affinity for the surface of said nanoparticle comprise binding ends selected from the group consisting of nitrile, sulfate, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphine, isonitrile, nitro, carboxylate, alcohols, and seleno moieties. 12. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle comprises an organic molecular coating designed to react with said nanoparticle at a predetermined temperature. 13. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle comprises an organic molecular coating designed to react with said nanoparticle at a predetermined condition. 14. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said reactive nanoparticle comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, molybdenum, zirconium, silicon, magnesium, calcium, arsenic, gallium, copper, iron, titanium, phosphorous, boron, sodium, and potassium, and wherein the removal of organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle comprises an exergonic reaction. 15. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said nanoparticle is contained in a fuel and increases the rate of combustion of the fuel. 16. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle increases the energy density of said nanoparticle. 17. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, wherein said nanoparticle is contained in a reactive composition and wherein said organic molecular coating covalently bound to said nanoparticle increases the rate of reaction of said reactive composition. 18. A propellant composition comprising: a propellant; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 1. 19. An explosive composition comprising: an explosive; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 1. 20. A fuel composition comprising: a fuel; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 1. 21. A fuel composition comprising: a fuel; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 1 wherein said nanoparticle increases the energy released by the combustion of said fuel composition. 22. A liquid fuel composition comprising: at least one liquid fuel; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 1. 23. A liquid fuel composition comprising: at least one liquid fuel selected from the group consisting of heptane, propanol, and diethyl ether; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 1. 24. A composition comprising: at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 1, and a composition selected from the group consisting of a fuel, a propellant, and an explosive. 25. A reactive nanoparticle, comprising: a metal nanoparticle; and a reactive polymeric ligand monolayer shell covalently bound to said metal nanoparticle, wherein the monolayer shell comprises an explosive or a propellant. 26. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 25, wherein said metal nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of aluminum, molybdenum, zirconium, silicon, magnesium, calcium, arsenic, gallium, copper, iron, titanium, phosphorus, boron, sodium, and potassium. 27. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 25, wherein said polymeric ligand monolayer shell comprises an explosive. 28. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 27, wherein said explosive is selected from the group consisting of TNT, Tetryl, RDX, and PETN. 29. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 25, wherein said polymeric ligand monolayer shell comprises a propellant. 30. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 25, wherein said polymeric ligand monolayer shell comprises a photoinitiator. 31. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 25, wherein said polymeric ligand monolayer shell comprises a ligand that releases an oxygen singlet upon reaction. 32. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 25, wherein said polymeric ligand monolayer shell comprises ligands having a binding end with an affinity for the surface of said metal nanoparticle. 33. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 32, wherein said binding ends having an affinity for the surface of said metal nanoparticle comprise binding ends selected from the group consisting of nitrile, sulfate, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphine, isonitrile, nitro, carboxylate, alcohols, and seleno moieties. 34. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 25, wherein said polymeric ligand monolayer shell disassociates from said metal nanoparticle at a predetermined temperature. 35. The reactive nanoparticle of claim 25, wherein said polymeric ligand monolayer shell comprises a polymeric ligand monolayer incorporating a subgroup selected from the group consisting of explosive compounds, nitro compounds, azido compounds, peroxides, and alkynes. 36. A propellant composition comprising: a propellant; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 25. 37. An explosive composition comprising: an explosive; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 16. 38. A fuel composition comprising: a fuel; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 25. 39. A liquid fuel composition comprising: a liquid fuel; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 25. 40. A liquid fuel composition comprising: at least one liquid fuel selected from the group consisting of heptane, propanol, and diethyl ether; and at least one reactive nanoparticle of claim 25.