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The present invention relates to a process for inducing a protective immune response in a mammal against a virus, in which a construct including a promoter and a DNA sequence encoding a protein or peptide producing an immune response against the virus is introduced into muscle or skin of the mammal

The present invention relates to a process for inducing a protective immune response in a mammal against a virus, in which a construct including a promoter and a DNA sequence encoding a protein or peptide producing an immune response against the virus is introduced into muscle or skin of the mammal via a microprojectile. Sufficient amounts of the construct are administered so as to produce a protective immune response in the mammal.

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That which is claimed is: 1. A process for inducing a protective immune response against a virus in a mammal, comprising; introducing into muscle or skin of said mammal a construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding a protein or peptide producing an immune response against said virus linked to a pr

That which is claimed is: 1. A process for inducing a protective immune response against a virus in a mammal, comprising; introducing into muscle or skin of said mammal a construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding a protein or peptide producing an immune response against said virus linked to a promoter sequence which can control the expression of said DNA sequence in said mammal, in an amount such that sufficient expression results, to produce said protective immune response, wherein said construct is introduced into the mammal via a microprojectile. 2. The process of claim 1, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into muscle. 3. The process of claim 1, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into skin. 4. The process of claim 1, wherein said mammal is a human. 5. The process of claim 3, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into a layer of skin selected from the following group: epidermis, dermis, or hypodermis. 6. The process of claim 1, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is a viral protein. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is produced from a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein or peptide immunogen coding for a subunit vaccine. 8. A process for providing a mammal with a protein or peptide producing a protective immune response against a virus, and thereby generating a desired protective immune response in said mammal due to the action of the immune system of said mammal on said protein or peptide, comprising: introducing into muscle or skin of said mammal a construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding said protein or peptide linked to a promoter sequence which can control the expression of said DNA sequence in said mammal, in an amount that sufficient expression results, to generate said protective immune response, wherein said construct is introduced into the mammal via a microprojectile. 9. The process of claim 8, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into muscle. 10. The process of claim 8, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into skin. 11. The process of claim 8, wherein said mammal is a human. 12. The process of claim 10, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into a layer of skin selected from the following group: epidermis, dermis, or hypodermis. 13. The process of claim 8, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is a viral protein. 14. The process of claim 8, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is produced from a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein or peptide immunogen coding for a subunit vaccine. 15. A process for inducing a protective immune response against a virus in a mammal, comprising; introducing into the epidermis of said mammal a construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding a protein or peptide producing an immune response against said virus linked to a promoter sequence which can control the expression of said DNA sequence in said mammal, in an amount such that sufficient expression results, to produce said protective immune response, wherein said construct is introduced into the mammal via a microprojectile. 16. The process of claim 15, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into muscle. 17. The process of claim 15, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into skin. 18. The process of claim 15, wherein said mammal is a human. 19. The process of claim 17, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into a layer of skin selected from the following group: epidermis, dermis, or hypodermis. 20. The process of claim 15, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is a viral protein. 21. The process of claim 15, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is produced from a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein or peptide immunogen coding for a subunit vaccine. 22. A method of generating an immune response against a virus in a mammal, comprising: administering in vivo into a tissue of a mammal in need of said immune response a composition comprising a DNA plasmid which directs synthesis of an immunogenic peptide or polypeptide in mammalian cells through association with a promoter; wherein said DNA plasmid incorporates into the cells of said mammal; and wherein sufficient expression of said immunogenic peptide or polypeptide occurs to generate said immune response against said virus in said mammal, wherein said DNA plasmid is administered via a microprojectile. 23. The process of claim 22, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into muscle. 24. The process of claim 22, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into skin. 25. The process of claim 22, wherein said mammal is a human. 26. The process of claim 24, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into a layer of skin selected from the following group: epidermis, dermis, or hypodermis. 27. The process of claim 22, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is a viral protein. 28. The process of claim 22, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is produced from a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein or peptide immunogen coding for a subunit vaccine. 29. A method of generating an immune response against a virus in a mammal, comprising: administering in vivo into a tissue of a mammal in need of said immune response a composition consisting essentially of a DNA plasmid operably encoding an immunogenic peptide or polypeptide through association with a promoter; wherein said plasmid incorporates into the cells of said mammal; and wherein sufficient expression of said immunogenic peptide or polypeptide occurs to generate said immune response against said virus in said mammal, wherein said DNA plasmid is administered via a microprojectile. 30. The process of claim 29, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into muscle. 31. The process of claim 29, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into skin. 32. The process of claim 29, wherein said mammal is a human. 33. The process of claim 31, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into a layer of skin selected from the following group: epidermis, dermis, or hypodermis. 34. The process of claim 29, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is a viral protein. 35. The process of claim 29, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is produced from a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein or peptide immunogen coding for a subunit vaccine. 36. A method of generating an immune response against a virus in a mammal, comprising: administering in vivo into a tissue of a mammal in need of said immune response a composition consisting of a DNA plasmid operably encoding an immunogenic peptide or polypeptide through association with a promoter; wherein said plasmid incorporates into the cells of said mammal; and wherein sufficient expression of said immunogenic peptide or polypeptide occurs to generate said immune response against said virus in said mammal, wherein said DNA plasmid is administered via a microprojectile. 37. The process of claim 36, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into muscle. 38. The process of claim 36, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into skin. 39. The process of claim 36, wherein said mammal is a human. 40. The process of claim 38, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into a layer of skin selected from the following group: epidermis, dermis, or hypodermis. 41. The process of claim 36, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is a viral protein. 42. The process of claim 36, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is produced from a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein or peptide immunogen coding for a subunit vaccine. 43. A method of generating an immune response against a virus in a mammal, comprising: administering in vivo into muscle tissue of a mammal in need of said immune response a composition comprising a polynucleotide which directs synthesis of an immunogenic peptide or polypeptide in mammalian cells; wherein said polynucleotide is selected from the group consisting of a messenger RNA and a DNA plasmid operably encoding said immunogenic peptide or polypeptide through association with a promoter; wherein said polynucleotide incorporates into the cells of said mammal; and wherein sufficient expression of said immunogenic peptide or polypeptide occurs to generate said immune response against said virus in said mammal, wherein said polynucleotide is administered via a microprojectile. 44. The process of claim 43, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into muscle. 45. The process of claim 43, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into skin. 46. The process of claim 43, wherein said mammal is a human. 47. The process of claim 45, wherein said DNA sequence is introduced into a layer of skin selected from the following group: epidermis, dermis, or hypodermis. 48. The process of claim 43, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is a viral protein. 49. The process of claim 43, wherein said protein or peptide producing an immune response is produced from a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein or peptide immunogen coding for a subunit vaccine.