최소 단어 이상 선택하여야 합니다.
최대 10 단어까지만 선택 가능합니다.
다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
NTIS 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
DataON 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Edison 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | US-0882725 (2004-06-30) |
등록번호 | US-7380350 (2008-06-03) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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대리인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 6 인용 특허 : 266 |
A shoe having an open interior, a plate positioned between the bottom of the shoe and a portion of the upper, and at least one opening extending from the bottom of the shoe into the midsole for providing air communication with the interior of the upper. In one embodiment, the opening has a height as
A shoe having an open interior, a plate positioned between the bottom of the shoe and a portion of the upper, and at least one opening extending from the bottom of the shoe into the midsole for providing air communication with the interior of the upper. In one embodiment, the opening has a height as measured from the bottom of the shoe along a vertical central axis that is greater than one-half the thickness of the rear sole. In another embodiment, the opening extends through the plate.
We claim: 1. A shoe comprising: an upper having a forward region, an arch region, a heel region and an open interior; a midsole below the upper, the midsole including a rear sole below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a thickness, the rear sole having a perim
We claim: 1. A shoe comprising: an upper having a forward region, an arch region, a heel region and an open interior; a midsole below the upper, the midsole including a rear sole below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a thickness, the rear sole having a perimeter, a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion below the heel region, the rear sole having a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, the bottom surface of the rear sole including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole; a flexible plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions, the plate being positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper; and at least one opening extending from the bottom of the shoe into the midsole, the at least one opening being in air communication with the interior of the upper, the opening having a height as measured from the bottom of the shoe along a vertical central axis that is greater than one-half the thickness of the rear sole. 2. A shoe comprising: an upper having a forward region, an arch region, a heel region and an open interior; a midsole below the upper, the midsole including a rear sole below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a perimeter, a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion below the heel region, the rear sole having a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, the bottom surface of the rear sole including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole; a flexible plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions, the plate being positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper; at least one opening extending from the bottom of the shoe into the midsole, the at least one opening being in air communication with the interior of the upper; and at least one inflated cushion positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom, an exterior side, and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the inflated cushion. 3. A shoe comprising: an upper having a forward region, an arch region, a heel region and an open interior; a midsole below the upper, the midsole including a rear sole below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a perimeter, a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion below the heel region, the rear sole having a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, the bottom surface of the rear sole including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole; and a flexible plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions, the plate being positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and a portion of the upper, the plate having at least one opening therein that permits air communication between the open interior of the upper and the bottom of the shoe. 4. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; and a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and supported between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral edges of the plate being restrained from movement in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that an interior portion of the plate is deflectable relative to the peripheral edges in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe. 5. The shoe of claim 4, wherein the flexible plate is supported at its periphery. 6. The shoe of claim 4, wherein the plate is substantially planar. 7. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; and a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and supported between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, a peripheral edges of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is deflectable relative to the peripheral edges in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe. 8. The shoe of claim 7, wherein the flexible plate is supported at its periphery. 9. The shoe of claim 7, wherein the plate is substantially planar. 10. A shoe comprising: an upper; a foot support region positioned below at least a portion of the upper to support the bottom of a user's foot; a sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the foot support region; and a flexible member positioned below at least a portion of the foot support region and above at least a portion of the sole, the flexible member having a top surface, a bottom surface, a peripheral portion, and an interior portion, at least two ribs extending substantially across the flexible member, the interior portion of the flexible member deflecting in use in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major longitudinal axis of the shoe, with at least a portion of the peripheral portion restrained from movement relative to the interior portion in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 11. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; and a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and positioned between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least a portion of a medial side and a lateral side of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is deflectable relative to the medial and lateral sides in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe. 12. The shoe of claim 11, wherein the flexible plate is supported at its periphery. 13. The shoe of claim 11, wherein the plate is substantially planar. 14. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear shoe permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and supported between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral edges of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is deflectable relative to the peripheral edges in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe; and at least one inflated cushion positioned beneath at least a portion of the flexible plate. 15. The shoe of claim 14, wherein the at least one cushion is filled with air. 16. The shoe of claim 14, wherein the at least one cushion has a tubular wall. 17. The shoe of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of the at least one cushion is positioned beneath at least one of the peripheral edges of the flexible plate. 18. The shoe of claim 16, wherein at least a portion of the at least one cushion is positioned beneath at least one of the peripheral edges of the flexible plate. 19. The shoe of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of the at least one cushion is visible from outside the rear sole. 20. The shoe of claim 19, wherein at least a portion of the at least one cushion is visible through an opening in the rear sole. 21. The shoe of claim 20, wherein the opening is in a sidewall of the rear sole. 22. The shoe of claim 20, wherein the rear sole has a bottom and the opening is in the bottom of the rear sole. 23. The shoe of claim 20, wherein the rear sole has a bottom and a sidewall, the opening being in the bottom and the sidewall of the rear sole. 24. The shoe of claim 14, wherein at least a portion of the plate is supported above at least a portion of the at least one cushion. 25. The shoe of claim 14, wherein the rear sole has a void formed therein to receive the at least one cushion. 26. The shoe of claim 25, wherein the void connects to an opening in the sidewall of the rear sole, the opening being visible from at least one of the medial and lateral sides of the shoe. 27. The shoe of claim 25, further comprising a second void in the rear sole. 28. The shoe of claim 25, wherein at least a portion of the void is defined by a wall at least a portion of which is arcuate in shape along an axis that is perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe. 29. The shoe of claim 25, wherein at least a portion of the void is defined by a wall at least a portion of which is arcuate in shape along an axis that is parallel to a major axis of the shoe. 30. The shoe of claim 25, wherein the void is defined by at least one wall, the cushion having at least one exterior wall adapted to abut the at least one wall defining the void. 31. The shoe of claim 30, further including a heel support having a peripheral edge having at least one wall extending upwardly therefrom, the heel support being adjacent to at least a portion of the heel region of the upper. 32. The shoe of claim 31, wherein the at least one wall extending upwardly from the peripheral edge of the heel support is external to the heel region of the upper. 33. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; and a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and supported between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral edges of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is deflectable relative to the peripheral edges in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe; and air trapped within the rear sole and beneath at least a portion of the flexible plate. 34. The shoe of claim 33, further comprising at least one cushion filled with the air. 35. The shoe of claim 34, wherein at least a portion of the at least one cushion is visible from outside the rear sole. 36. The shoe of claim 35, wherein at least a portion of the at least one cushion is visible through an opening in the rear sole. 37. The shoe of claim 36, wherein the rear sole has a bottom and the opening is in the bottom of the rear sole. 38. The shoe of claim 34, wherein the at least one cushion has a bottom wall. 39. The shoe of claim 38, wherein the bottom wall is visible through an opening in the rear sole. 40. The shoe of claim 34, wherein at least a portion of the plate is positioned above at least a portion of the at least one cushion. 41. The shoe of claim 34, wherein the rear sole has a void formed therein to receive the at least one cushion. 42. The shoe of claim 41, wherein the void is located approximately in the middle of the rear sole as measured from the medial side to the lateral side of the shoe. 43. The shoe of claim 41, wherein the void is located approximately in the middle of the rear sole as measured from the forward portion to the rearward portion of the rear sole. 44. The shoe of claim 41, further comprising a second void in the rear sole. 45. The shoe of claim 44, wherein one of the void and the second void is located in a peripheral area of the rear sole. 46. The shoe of claim 45, wherein at least one of the void and the second void contains air. 47. The shoe of claim 41, wherein at least a portion of the void is defined by a wall at least a portion of which is arcuate in shape along an axis that is perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe. 48. The shoe of claim 41, wherein at least a portion of the void is defined by a wall at least a portion of which is arcuate in shape along an axis that is parallel to a major axis of the shoe. 49. The shoe of claim 41, wherein the void is defined by at least one wall, the cushion having at least one exterior wall adapted to abut the at least one wall defining the void. 50. The shoe of claim 33, wherein the flexible plate is supported at its periphery. 51. The shoe of claim 33, wherein the peripheral portion of the flexible plate is restrained from movement relative to the interior portion along substantially its entire peripheral portion. 52. The shoe of claim 33, wherein the peripheral portion of the flexible plate is restrained from movement relative to the interior portion at a point along a medial side and at a point along a lateral side of the shoe. 53. The shoe of claim 33, wherein a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portion of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion. 54. The shoe of claim 33, wherein the peripheral portion of the flexible plate is restrained from movement relative to the interior portion both at a point along a medial side and a lateral side of the shoe and along a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portion of the flexible plate. 55. The shoe of claim 33, wherein the peripheral portion of the flexible plate is restrained from movement relative to the interior portion both along at least a portion of a medial side and a lateral side of the shoe and on at least a portion of a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portion of the flexible plate. 56. The shoe of claim 33, wherein the flexible plate is at least substantially located in the area occupied by the rear sole. 57. The shoe of claim 33, wherein at least a portion of the interior portion of the flexible plate is partially concave. 58. The shoe of claim 33, wherein a portion of the interior portion of the flexible plate is thicker than another portion of the interior portion of the flexible plate. 59. The shoe of claim 33, wherein a portion of the interior portion of the flexible plate is thicker than a portion of the peripheral edge of the flexible plate. 60. The shoe of claim 33, wherein a portion of the interior portion of the flexible plate is thinner than a portion of the peripheral edge of the flexible plate. 61. The shoe of claim 33, wherein a center portion of the interior portion of the flexible plate and the peripheral edge of the flexible plate are thicker than another portion of the interior portion of the flexible plate between the center portion and the peripheral edge. 62. The shoe of claim 33, wherein the thickness of the flexible plate varies as measured along the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 63. The shoe of claim 33, wherein the thickness of the flexible plate varies as measured along an axis perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 64. The shoe of claim 33, further comprising an arch bridge integral an upwardly extending wall, the upwardly extending wall being attached to the upper. 65. The shoe of claim 33, wherein the upwardly extending wall is a heel counter, the heel counter being attached to the upper. 66. The shoe of claim 33, further comprising an arch bridge integral an upwardly extending wall, the upwardly extending wall being attached to the upper, a rear sole support attached to the upper and permanently attached and non-rotatable relative to the rear sole, the rear sole support being integral with the arch bridge integral with the upwardly extending wall. 67. The shoe of claim 33, further comprising a cushioning member positioned above the flexible plate. 68. The shoe of claim 67, wherein the cushioning member is disposed on the upper surface of the flexible plate. 69. The shoe of claim 68, wherein the cushioning member is integral with the flexible plate. 70. The shoe of claim 68, wherein the cushioning member is made of a different material than the flexible plate. 71. The shoe of claim 68, wherein the cushioning member abuts the upper surface of the flexible plate. 72. The shoe of claim 68, wherein the cushioning member is permanently attached and non-rotatable relative to the upper surface of the flexible plate. 73. The shoe of claim 68, wherein the cushioning member includes a U-shaped portion formed to cushion the impact of a user's heel. 74. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; and a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and positioned between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe, the upper surface having at least one concave portion, and the lower surface being at least in part visible from outside of the shoe. 75. The shoe of claim 74, wherein the lower surface is at least in part visible through an opening in the rear sole. 76. The shoe of claim 74, further comprising at least one wall extending in at least one of an upwardly direction and a downwardly direction, the at least one wall being integral with at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate. 77. The shoe of claim 74, wherein the upper has an arch region, and further comprising an arch bridge integral with the plate, the arch bridge extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper, the arch bridge further having a bottom surface that is at least in part visible from outside of the shoe. 78. The shoe of claim 74, further comprising at least one sidewall above at least a portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole, the at least one sidewall having at least one hole therethrough located on at least one of a lateral side, a medial side, and a rear of the shoe. 79. The shoe of claim 74, wherein at least a substantial portion of the peripheral portions of the flexible plate is restrained from movement relative to the interior portion of the flexible plate. 80. The shoe of claim 74, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate being restrained from movement relative to the interior portion are at a point along a medial side and at a point along a lateral side of the shoe. 81. The shoe of claim 74, wherein a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion. 82. The shoe of claim 74, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion at at least two spaced apart points along a medial side of the shoe and at at least two spaced apart points along a lateral side of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being located above a point between the at least two points along the medial side of the shoe and the at least two points along the lateral side of the shoe and beneath the approximate center of the user's heel. 83. The shoe of claim 82, wherein upon the deflection of the interior portion of the plate, the at least two points along the medial side of the shoe and the at least two points along the lateral side of the shoe are displaceable in a direction substantially parallel to the ground. 84. The shoe of claim 74, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion both along at least a portion of a medial side and at least a portion of a lateral side of the shoe and on at least a portion of a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portions of the flexible plate. 85. The shoe of claim 74, wherein at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement is along the upper surface of the plate and at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement is along the lower surface of the plate. 86. The shoe of claim 85, wherein the peripheral portions are both toward the front of the shoe. 87. The shoe of claim 85, wherein the peripheral portions are both toward the back of the shoe. 88. The shoe of claim 85, wherein the peripheral portions are both on the lateral side of the shoe. 89. The shoe of claim 85, wherein the peripheral portions are both on the medial side of the shoe. 90. The shoe of claim 85, wherein the peripheral portions of the upper and lower surfaces are proximate one another. 91. The shoe of claim 90, wherein the capable of being deflected interior portion is located between the peripheral portions of the upper and lower surfaces and a point beneath a central portion of the heel region of the upper. 92. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and supported between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe, at least one portion of a cross section of the plate perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe defining a curve in a direction generally from a medial side of the shoe to a lateral side of the shoe; and an opening in the bottom surface of the rear sole located beneath the interior portion of the plate that exposes the interior portion of the plate. 93. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and supported between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe, at least one portion of a cross section of the plate parallel to the major axis of the shoe defining a curve in a direction generally from a front of the shoe to a back of the shoe; and an opening in the bottom surface of the rear sole located beneath the interior portion of the plate that exposes the interior portion of the plate. 94. The shoe of claim 93, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion at at least two spaced apart points along a medial side of the shoe and at at least two spaced apart points along a lateral side of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being located above a point between the at least two points along the medial side of the shoe and the at least two points along the lateral side of the shoe and beneath the approximate center of the user's heel, the at least two points along the medial side of the shoe and the at least two points along the lateral side of the shoe being displaceable in a direction substantially parallel to the ground upon the deflection of the interior portion of the plate. 95. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and supported between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe, at least one portion of a cross section of the plate perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe defining a curve in a direction generally from a medial side of the shoe to a lateral side of the shoe, at least one portion of a cross section of the plate parallel to the major axis of the shoe defining a curve in a direction generally from a front of the shoe to a back of the shoe; and an opening in the bottom surface of the rear sole located beneath the interior portion of the plate that exposes the interior portion of the plate. 96. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region and having a rearward portion, the rear sole further having a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground engaging, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least one substantially planar portion and at least one portion non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the at least one non-planar portion being positioned proximate a perimeter of the bottom surface and inclined upwardly in a direction toward the perimeter of the bottom surface from another portion of the bottom surface, the at least one non-planar portion having an outer edge coincident with the perimeter of the bottom surface and being located proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole; a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and positioned between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral portions of the plate being restrained-from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe, the upper surface of the plate being in at least substantial part concave in shape, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void, and the lower surface of the plate being at least in part visible from outside of the shoe; and a sidewall that includes midsole material located beneath the plate, the sidewall having an exterior surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe and an interior surface that at least partially defines the void, the sidewall further having at least one opening therethrough on at least one of a lateral side of the shoe, a medial side of the shoe, and a rear of the shoe. 97. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the at least one opening is on both a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe. 98. The shoe of claim 96, wherein at least one opening is on both a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe, and on a rear of the shoe. 99. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the void is visible at least in part from outside the shoe through the at least one opening in the sidewall. 100. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the lower surface of the plate is visible at least in part from outside the shoe through the at least one opening in the sidewall. 101. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the interior surface of the sidewall is visible at least in part from outside the shoe through the at least one opening in the sidewall. 102. The shoe of claim 96, wherein at least one portion of a cross section of the plate perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe defines a curve in a direction generally from a medial side of the shoe to a lateral side of the shoe, at least one portion of a cross section of the plate parallel to the major axis of the shoe defining a curve in a direction generally from a front of the shoe to a back of the shoe. 103. The shoe of claim 96, wherein a portion of the interior portion of the plate is thinner than a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate. 104. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion along at least a substantial portion of the peripheral portions. 105. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion at a point along a medial side and at a point along a lateral side of the shoe. 106. The shoe of claim 96, wherein a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion. 107. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion both at a point along a medial side and at a point along a lateral side of the shoe and along a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portions of the flexible plate. 108. The shoe of claim 96, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion both along at least a portion of a medial side and at least a portion of a lateral side of the shoe and on at least a portion of a forward facing portion and at least a portion of a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portions of the flexible plate. 109. The shoe of claim 96, wherein at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement is along the upper surface of the plate and at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement is along the lower surface of the plate. 110. The shoe of claim 109, wherein the peripheral portions are both toward the front of the shoe. 111. The shoe of claim 109, wherein the peripheral portions are both toward the back of the shoe. 112. The shoe of claim 109, wherein the peripheral portions are both on the lateral side of the shoe. 113. The shoe of claim 109, wherein the peripheral portions are both on the medial side of the shoe. 114. The shoe of claim 109, wherein the peripheral portions of the upper and lower surfaces are proximate one another. 115. The shoe of claim 114, wherein the capable of being deflected interior portion is located between the peripheral portions of the upper and lower surfaces and a point beneath a central portion of the heel region of the upper. 116. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region and an arch region; a rear sole having a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region, the rear sole having a bottom surface, at least a portion of which is ground engaging, the bottom surface including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and the other of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole; a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and supported between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe; an opening in the bottom surface of the rear sole located beneath the interior portion of the plate to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside of the shoe; and an arch bridge integral with the plate, the arch bridge extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper, the arch bridge having a bottom surface that is at least in part visible from outside of the shoe. 117. The shoe of claim 116, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate, the at least one wall being integral with the plate and extending in a downwardly direction from the plate, the downwardly extending wall contacting at least a portion of the rear sole, at least a portion of the downwardly extending wall being visible from outside of the shoe. 118. The shoe of claim 117, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate, the at least one wall being integral with the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, at least a portion of the upwardly extending wall being visible from outside of the shoe. 119. The shoe of claim 116, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate, the at least one wall being integral with the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, at least a portion of the upwardly extending wall being visible from outside of the shoe. 120. The shoe of claim 116, wherein a substantial portion of the bottom surface of the arch bridge is visible from outside of the shoe. 121. The shoe of claim 116, wherein the bottom surface of the arch bridge is visible on a line perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe across a width of the arch bridge. 122. The shoe of claim 116, wherein the arch bridge has proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe at least one wall integral with the arch bridge and extending in an upwardly direction. 123. The shoe of claim 122, wherein at least a portion of the upwardly extending wall of the arch bridge is connected to the arch region of the upper. 124. The shoe of claim 122, wherein at least a portion of the upwardly extending wall of the arch bridge is visible from outside of the shoe. 125. The shoe of claim 124, wherein the arch bridge has proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe at least one wall integral with the arch bridge and extending in a downwardly direction, at least a portion of the downwardly extending wall of the arch bridge being visible from outside of the shoe. 126. The shoe of claim 116, wherein the arch bridge has proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe at least one wall integral with the arch bridge and extending in a downwardly direction, at least a portion of the downwardly extending wall of the arch bridge being visible from outside of the shoe. 127. The shoe of claim 122, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate, the at least one wall being integral with the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate. 128. The shoe of claim 127, wherein the upwardly extending wall of the arch bridge is adjacent the upwardly extending wall of the plate. 129. The shoe of claim 116, further comprising at least one sidewall above at least a portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole, the at least one sidewall having at least one hole therethrough located on at least one of a lateral side, a medial side, and a rear of the shoe. 130. The shoe of claim 129, wherein the at least one hole includes at least two holes, at least one of the at least two holes being on the medial side of the shoe and at least one of the at least two holes being on the lateral side of the shoe. 131. The shoe of claim 116, wherein a substantial portion of the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion of the flexible plate. 132. The shoe of claim 116, wherein the flexible plate has substantially its entire peripheral portion restrained. 133. The shoe of claim 116, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate being restrained from movement relative to the interior portion are at a point along a medial side and at a point along a lateral side of the shoe. 134. The shoe of claim 116, wherein a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion. 135. The shoe of claim 116, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion both at a point along a medial side and a lateral side of the shoe and along a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portion of the flexible plate. 136. The shoe of claim 116, wherein the peripheral portions of the flexible plate are restrained from movement relative to the interior portion both along at least a portion of a medial side and a lateral side of the shoe and on at least a portion of a forward facing portion and a rearward facing portion of the peripheral portion of the flexible plate. 137. The shoe of claim 116, wherein at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement is along the upper surface of the plate and at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement is along the lower surface of the plate. 138. The shoe of claim 137, wherein the peripheral portions are both toward the front of the shoe. 139. The shoe of claim 137, wherein the peripheral portions are both toward the back of the shoe. 140. The shoe of claim 137, wherein the peripheral portions are both on the lateral side of the shoe. 141. The shoe of claim 137, wherein the peripheral portions are both on the medial side of the shoe. 142. The shoe of claim 137, wherein the peripheral portions of the upper and lower surfaces are proximate one another. 143. The shoe of claim 142, wherein the capable of being deflected interior portion is located between the peripheral portions of the upper and lower surfaces and a point beneath a central portion of the heel region of the upper. 144. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; and a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and supported between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper; at least a portion of the periphery of the plate being restrained from movement in a substantially vertical direction relative to an interior portion so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the restrained periphery in a substantially vertical direction; and supporting structure located proximate the plate having at least one wall extending in a downward direction to at least partially define a recess, at least a portion of the rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable in the recess of the supporting structure. 145. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region and having rearward portion, the rear sole further having a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground engaging, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least one substantially planar portion and at least one portion non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the at least one non-planar portion being positioned proximate a perimeter of the bottom surface and inclined upwardly in a direction toward the perimeter of the bottom surface from another portion of the bottom surface, the at least one non-planar portion having an outer edge coincident with the perimeter of the bottom surface and being located proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole; a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and positioned between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major axis of the shoe so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major axis of the shoe, at least a portion of at least one cross-section of the plate defining a curve, the interior portion of the plate being positioned overa void, and the lower surface of the plate being at least in part visible from outside of the shoe, the plate having at least one opening therein, the at least one opening having a center located beneath the approximate center of the user's heel; and a sidewall that includes midsole material located beneath the plate, the sidewall having an exterior surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe and an interior surface that at least partially defines the void, the sidewall further having at least one opening therethrough on at least one of a lateral side of the shoe, a medial side of the shoe, and a rear of the shoe. 146. A shoe comprising: an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper, the rear sole including a first layer of material that is at least in part ground-engaging and a second layer of material located at least in part above and in contact with the first layer of material; a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces, the flexible plate being between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a vertical direction; a void beneath at least a portion of the lower surface of the plate, the void extending at least in part through the second layer of material; an opening in the rear sole, the void being in air communication with the outside of the shoe through the second layer of material and the opening in the rear sole; and an arch bridge integral with the plate and extending forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper, the arch bridge having a bottom surface at least a portion of which is in air communication with the outside of the shoe. 147. The shoe of claim 146, wherein the upper surface of the plate has at least one concave portion. 148. The shoe of claim 146, wherein the portion of the bottom surface of the arch bridge is visible from beneath the shoe. 149. The shoe of claim 146, further comprising at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in at least one of an upwardly direction and a downwardly direction from the plate, the at least one wall being integral with the plate. 150. The shoe of claim 146, wherein the portion of the bottom surface of the arch bridge is at least in part visible from the outside of the shoe. 151. The shoe of claim 146, wherein the rear sole has a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion connected below the heel region, the first layer of material having a bottom surface including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and the other of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole. 152. The shoe of claim 146, wherein the flexible plate has at least one opening therein with a center located beneath the approximate center of the heel of the user. 153. The shoe of claim 146, wherein the rear sole has a bottom surface and the opening is in the bottom surface of the rear sole. 154. A shoe comprising: an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper; and a flexible plate having upper and lower surfaces and positioned between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, peripheral portions of the plate being restrained from movement relative to an interior portion of the plate in a vertical direction so that the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a vertical direction, the upper surface having a curved portion so that a central portion is lower in the center relative to a peripheral portion, and at least part of the lower surface is in air communication with and visible from the outside of the shoe. 155. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole including an outsole and a midsole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper; and a substantially air-tight enclosure located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom, a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure, an exterior surface, and an interior chamber having a height parallel with the vertical central axis, the interior chamber having a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion connecting the top and bottom portions, the interior chamber having a transverse-cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis that is variable in the middle portion along at least a portion of the height of the interior chamber, at least a portion of the exterior surface being exposed to and visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe and the rear of the shoe. 156. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-fourth the height of the interior chamber, the transverse cross-sectional dimension being variable between the top and bottom portions. 157. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber, the transverse cross-sectional dimension being variable between the top and bottom portions. 158. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the interior chamber has an interior surface with a curve in a plane generally parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, the exterior surface of the air-tight enclosure having a curve in a plane generally parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, each of the curve of the interior surface and the curve of the exterior surface having an apex in a single plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 159. The shoe of claim 158, wherein the curve of the exterior surface converges in a direction away from the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 160. The shoe of claim 158, wherein the curve of the interior surface converges in a direction away from the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 161. The shoe of claim 158, wherein the curve of the exterior surface and the curve of the interior surface both converge in a direction away from the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 162. The shoe of claim 158, wherein the curve of the exterior surface forms a convex wall. 163. The shoe of claim 158, wherein the curve of the interior surface forms a concave wall. 164. The shoe of claim 158, wherein the curve of the interior surface of the interior chamber is symmetrical relative to a plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 165. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the interior chamber has an interior surface, the air-tight enclosure having a thickness between the interior surface of the interior chamber and the exterior surface of the air-tight enclosure, the thickness being substantially uniform. 166. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the exterior surface of the air-tight enclosure has a curve in a plane parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure that is integral with the exterior surface, the curve having a maximum height along the parallel plane that is less than one-half the distance between a portion of the bottom of the shoe and a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate as measured on a line substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 167. The shoe of claim 166, wherein the exterior surface of the air-tight enclosure is curved along the entire perimeter of the air-tight enclosure in a cross-sectional plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 168. The shoe of claim 166, wherein at least a portion of the curve of the exterior surface has the shape of an arc of a circle. 169. The shoe of claim 166, wherein the curve of the exterior surface is generally semicircular in shape. 170. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the interior chamber has an interior surface, the interior surface including two opposed portions each having at least one curve therein. 171. The shoe of claim 170, wherein the curves are in communication with each other. 172. The shoe of claim 170, wherein the curves are symmetrical in shape. 173. The shoe of claim 172, wherein the curves are capable of being bisected by the same plane. 174. The shoe of claim 170, wherein the curves are capable of being bisected by the same plane. 175. The shoe of claim 170, wherein one of the curves has an arc of a first circle, another of the curves has an arc of a second circle, the first and second circles having different diameters. 176. The shoe of claim 170, wherein the curves are concave relative to each other. 177. The shoe of claim 155, wherein each of the upper and the rear sole includes a peripheral region, the air-tight enclosure being located at least in part between a portion of the peripheral region of the upper and a portion of the peripheral region of the rear sole. 178. The shoe of claim 155, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, the at least one wall being made of the same material as the plate and being integral with the plate. 179. The shoe of claim 178, wherein the at least one wall integral with the plate is visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe. 180. The shoe of claim 178, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate and being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 181. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe. 182. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from the bottom of the shoe. 183. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe, the lower surface of a peripheral region of the arch bridge along the lateral side of the shoe being approximately planar with the lower surface of the plate for at least a substantial portion of the full extension of the arch bridge as measured along an axis that is parallel with the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 184. The shoe of claim 155, wherein at least a portion of the top of the air-tight enclosure is generally flat and perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 185. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 186. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 187. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 188. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the interior portion of the plate is supported by a portion of the medial side of the shoe and a portion of the lateral side of the shoe. 189. The shoe of claim 155, the rear sole further including an outsole material having a layer with a thickness, the layer having an upper surface, a lower surface, a peripheral portion and an interior portion, the interior portion of the layer having an interior sidewall connecting the lower surface with the upper surface, the interior sidewall of the layer being visible from beneath the shoe, at least a portion of the interior sidewall of the layer being located beneath at least a portion of the interior portion of the plate. 190. The shoe of claim 189, wherein the plate is visible from beneath the shoe. 191. The shoe of claim 155, wherein the bottom of the shoe includes a ground-engaging portion, at least a portion of the plate being visible from the bottom of the shoe between at least two portions of the ground engaging portion of the bottom of the shoe. 192. The shoe of claim 155, further including at least one inflated cushion. 193. The shoe of claim 192, wherein the at least one inflated cushion is spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer. 194. The shoe of claim 192, including a forward sole, at least one of the at least one inflated cushion being located in the forward sole. 195. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, an outsole and a midsole, the sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below the upper; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper, at least a portion of the plate being in air communication with the outside of the shoe through an opening, the peripheral portions being restrained from movement relative to the interior portion so that the interior portion is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a vertical direction; at least a portion of the midsole including an inflated cushion positioned between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom, at least a portion of the top being in contact with a portion of the shoe, the inflated cushion being spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer. 196. The shoe of claim 195, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, the at least one wall being made of the same material as the plate and being integral with the plate. 197. The shoe of claim 196, further including an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper. 198. The shoe of claim 197, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate and being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 199. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a bottom surface, at least two portions of which are ground-engaging; an inflated cushion positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom; and a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and being positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper, at least a portion of the plate being visible from the bottom of the shoe between the at least two ground-engaging portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole and being in air communication with air outside the shoe, the peripheral portions being restrained from movement relative to the interior portion so that the interior portion is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a vertical direction. 200. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper, the rear sole including a vertical central axis passing through the bottom of the shoe and the heel region of the upper, the vertical central axis of the rear sole being generally perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions, the plate being positioned between at least a portion of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least a portion of the interior portion of the plate intersecting the vertical central axis of the rear sole, the peripheral portions being restrained from movement relative to the interior portion so that the interior portion is capable of being deflected relative to the peripheral portions in a vertical direction; an inflated cushion positioned between the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom, a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom, and an exterior side, at least a portion of the top being in contact with a portion of the shoe, the inflated cushion being spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer. 201. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole including an outsole and a midsole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper; and a substantially air-tight enclosure located at least in part beneath a portion of the plate, the air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom, a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure, at least one sidewall connecting the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure and having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the air-tight enclosure having a single interior chamber defined at least in part by the interior surface of the at least one sidewall, the interior chamber being the only chamber any portion of which is located on any line between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper that is generally parallel with the vertical central axis and passes through any portion of the interior chamber, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from a vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure, the exterior surface of the at least one sidewall having at least two portions integral with the exterior surface and non-parallel with the vertical central axis, at least one of the portions being oriented at least in part in a direction toward a portion of the upper, another of the at least two portions being oriented at least in part in a direction toward a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the at least two portions converging toward each other in a direction away from the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, permanently connecting with each other and forming an apex, at least a portion of the exterior surface of the at least one sidewall being exposed to and visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe. 202. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the air-tight enclosure includes at least a second sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the interior surface of one of the at least two sidewalls being oriented generally in a direction toward the interior surface of another of the at least two sidewalls, the interior chamber having a maximum transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and between the interior surfaces of the at least two sidewalls, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from a vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure by a distance of at least one-half the maximum transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber. 203. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the air-tight enclosure includes at least a second sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the interior surface of one of the at least two sidewalls being oriented generally in a direction toward the interior surface of another of the at least two sidewalls, the interior chamber having a minimum transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and between the interior surfaces of the at least two sidewalls, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from a vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure by a distance of at least one-half the minimum transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber. 204. The shoe of claim 201, wherein each of the at least two portions of the exterior surface has a maximum vertical dimension as measured from a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the vertical central axis and intersecting the apex, the maximum vertical dimension of each portion being substantially the same. 205. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the apex is an apex of a curve. 206. The shoe of claim 205, wherein the curve is capable of being bisected at the apex by a plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 207. The shoe of claim 205, wherein at least a portion of the curve has the shape of an arc of a circle. 208. The shoe of claim 205, wherein the curve is generally semicircular in shape. 209. The shoe of claim 205, wherein the curve has a maximum height along a plane parallel with the vertical central axis that is less than one-half the distance between a portion of the bottom of the shoe and a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate as measured on a line substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 210. The shoe of claim 201, wherein at least a portion of exterior surface of the sidewall is curved in a cross-sectional plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 211. The shoe of claim 201, wherein at least a portion of the exterior surface of the sidewall is curved in a cross-sectional plane substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 212. The shoe of claim 201, wherein at least a portion of the exterior surface of the sidewall is curved in a cross-sectional plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis and in a cross-sectional plane substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 213. The shoe of claim 210, wherein the curve in the cross-sectional plane has the shape of an arc of a circle. 214. The shoe of claim 210, wherein the exterior surface has a perimeter in the cross-sectional plane that is in the shape of a circle. 215. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the exterior surface of the sidewall is curved along the entire perimeter of the air-tight enclosure in a cross-sectional plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 216. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the exterior surface of the sidewall is curved along the entire perimeter of the air-tight enclosure in a cross-sectional plane substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 217. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the top of the air-tight enclosure forms an opening centered at the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and in communication with the plate. 218. The shoe of claim 201, wherein each of the upper and the rear sole includes a peripheral region, the air-tight enclosure being located at least in part between a portion of the peripheral region of the upper and a portion of the peripheral region of the rear sole. 219. The shoe of claim 201, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, the at least one wall being made of the same material as the plate and being integral with the plate. 220. The shoe of claim 219, wherein the at least one wall integral with the plate is visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe. 221. The shoe of claim 219, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate and being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 222. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe. 223. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from the bottom of the shoe. 224. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe, the lower surface of a peripheral region of the arch bridge along the lateral side of the shoe being approximately planar with the lower surface of the plate for at least a substantial portion of the full extension of the arch bridge as measured along an axis that is parallel with the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 225. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 226. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 227. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 228. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the interior portion of the plate is supported by a portion of the medial side of the shoe and a portion of the lateral side of the shoe. 229. The shoe of claim 201, the rear sole further including an outsole material having a layer with a thickness, the layer having an upper surface, a lower surface, a peripheral portion and an interior portion, the interior portion of the layer having an interior sidewall connecting the lower surface with the upper surface, the interior sidewall of the layer being visible from beneath the shoe, at least a portion of the interior sidewall of the layer being located beneath at least a portion of the interior portion of the plate. 230. The shoe of claim 229, wherein the plate is visible from beneath the shoe. 231. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the bottom of the shoe includes a ground-engaging portion, at least a portion of the plate being visible from the bottom of the shoe between at least two portions of the ground-engaging portion of the shoe. 232. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion connecting the top and bottom portions, a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and a transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable in the middle portion. 233. The shoe of claim 232, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-fourth the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-half the height of the interior chamber. 234. The shoe of claim 232, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber. 235. The shoe of claim 201, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion, a bottom portion, a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure between the top portion and the bottom portion of the interior chamber and a transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable along at least a portion of the height of the interior chamber. 236. The shoe of claim 201, further including at least one inflated cushion. 237. The shoe of claim 236, wherein the at least one inflated cushion is spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer. 238. The shoe of claim 236, including a forward sole, at least one of the at least one inflated cushion being located in the forward sole. 239. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole including an outsole and a midsole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper; and a substantially air-tight enclosure located at least in part beneath a portion of the plate, the air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom, a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure, at least one sidewall connecting the top and bottom of the air-tight enclosure and having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the air-tight enclosure having a single interior chamber defined at least in part by the interior surface of the at least one sidewall, the interior chamber being the only chamber any portion of which is located on any line between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper that is generally parallel with the vertical central axis and passes through any portion of the interior chamber, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from a vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure, the interior surface of the at least one sidewall having at least two portions each of which is substantially non-parallel with the vertical central axis, at least one of the portions being oriented at least in part in a direction toward a portion of the upper, another of the at least two portions being oriented at least in part in a direction toward a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the at least two portions converging toward each other, permanently connecting with each other and forming an apex, at least a portion of the exterior surface of the at least one sidewall being exposed to and visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe and the rear of the shoe. 240. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the air-tight enclosure includes at least a second sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the interior surface of one of the at least two sidewalls being oriented generally in a direction toward the interior surface of another of the at least two sidewalls, the interior chamber having a maximum transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and between the interior surfaces of the at least two sidewalls, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from a vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure by a distance of at least one-half the maximum transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber. 241. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the air-tight enclosure includes at least a second sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the interior surface of one of the at least two sidewalls being oriented generally in a direction toward the interior surface of another of the at least two sidewalls, the interior chamber haying a minimum transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and between the interior surfaces of the at least two sidewalls, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from a vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure by a distance of at least one-half the minimum transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber. 242. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the air-tight enclosure includes at least a second sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the interior surface of one of the at least two sidewalls being oriented generally in a direction toward the interior surface of another of the at least two sidewalls, the interior chamber having a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and a transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and between the interior surfaces of the at least two sidewalls that is variable along at least a portion of the height of the interior chamber. 243. The shoe of claim 242, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion connecting the top and bottom portions, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable in the middle portion. 244. The shoe of claim 243, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-fourth the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-half the height of the interior chamber. 245. The shoe of claim 243, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber. 246. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the interior chamber has a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, the interior chamber having the shape of an arc of a circle along at least a portion of the height of the interior chamber. 247. The shoe of claim 246, wherein the interior chamber has the shape of an arc of a circle along at least a substantial portion of the height of the interior chamber. 248. The shoe of claim 239, wherein each of the at least two portions of the interior surface has a maximum vertical dimension as measured from a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the vertical central axis and intersecting the apex, the maximum vertical dimension of each portion being substantially the same. 249. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the apex is an apex of a curve. 250. The shoe of claim 249, wherein the curve is generally concave relative to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 251. The shoe of claim 249, wherein the curve is capable of being bisected at the apex by a plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 252. The shoe of claim 249, wherein the air-tight enclosure includes at least a second sidewall with an interior surface, the interior surface of one of the at least two sidewalls being oriented generally in the direction toward another of the at least two sidewalls, the interior surface of each of the sidewalls having at least one curve therein. 253. The shoe of claim 252, wherein the curves are in communication with each other. 254. The shoe of claim 252, wherein the curves along the interior surface of each of the sidewalls are symmetrical in shape. 255. The shoe of claim 254, wherein the curves are capable of being bisected by the same plane. 256. The shoe of claim 252, wherein the curves are capable of being bisected by the same plane. 257. The shoe of claim 252, wherein the curves are not of the same curve. 258. The shoe of claim 252, wherein the curves are concave relative to each other. 259. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the top of the air-tight enclosure forms an opening centered at the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and in communication with the plate. 260. The shoe of claim 239, wherein each of the upper and the rear sole includes a peripheral region, the air-tight enclosure being located at least in part between a portion of the peripheral region of the upper and a portion of the peripheral region of the rear sole. 261. The shoe of claim 239, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, the at least one wall being made of the same material as the plate and being integral with the plate. 262. The shoe of claim 261, wherein the at least one wall integral with the plate is visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe. 263. The shoe of claim 261, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate and being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 264. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe. 265. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from the bottom of the shoe. 266. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe, the lower surface of a peripheral region of the arch bridge along the lateral side of the shoe being approximately planar with the lower surface of the plate for at least a substantial portion of the full extension of the arch bridge as measured along an axis that is parallel with the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 267. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the portions converging toward each other converge in a direction toward the vertical central axis. 268. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the portions converging toward each other converge in a direction away from the vertical central axis. 269. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure intersects the top of the air-tight enclosure at a first point and intersects the bottom of the air-tight enclosure at a second point, the apex having a distance from the first point as measured in a straight line and a distance from. the second point as measured in a straight line, the distances being approximately the same. 270. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 271. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 272. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 273. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the interior portion of the plate is supported by a portion of the medial side of the shoe and a portion of the lateral side of the shoe. 274. The shoe of claim 239, the rear sole further including an outsole material having a layer with a thickness, the layer having an upper surface, a lower surface, a peripheral portion and an interior portion, the interior portion of the layer having an interior sidewall connecting the lower surface with the upper surface, the interior sidewall of the layer being visible from beneath the shoe, at least a portion of the interior sidewall of the layer being located beneath at least a portion of the interior portion of the plate. 275. The shoe of claim 274, wherein the plate is visible from beneath the shoe. 276. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the bottom of the shoe includes a ground-engaging portion, at least a portion of the plate being visible from the bottom of the shoe between at least two portions of the ground-engaging portion of the bottom of the shoe. 277. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the upper includes an open interior, further including at least one opening extending upwardly from the bottom of the shoe and being in air communication with the open interior of the upper. 278. The shoe of claim 239, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion connecting the top and bottom portions, a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and a transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable in the middle portion. 279. The shoe of claim 278, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-fourth the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-half the height of the interior chamber. 280. The shoe of claim 278, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber. 281. The shoe of claim 239, further including at least one inflated cushion. 282. The shoe of claim 281, wherein the at least one inflated cushion is spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer. 283. The shoe of claim 281, including a forward sole, at least one of the at least one inflated cushion being located in the forward sole. 284. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole including an oulsole and a midsole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper; and a substantially air-tight enclosure located at least in part beneath a portion of the plate, the air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom, a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure, at least one sidewall connecting the top and bottom of the air-tight enclosure and having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the air-tight enclosure having a single interior chamber defined at least in part by the interior surface of the at least one sidewall, the interior chamber being the only chamber any portion of which is located on any line between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper that is generally parallel with the vertical central axis and passes through any portion of the interior chamber, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from a vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure, the interior surface of the at least one sidewall having at least two interior portions each of which is substantially non-parallel with the vertical central axis, at least one of the interior portions being oriented at least in part in a direction toward a portion of the upper, another of the at least two interior portions being oriented at least in part in a direction toward a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the at least two interior portions converging toward each other, permanently connecting with each other and forming an apex, the exterior surface of the at least one sidewall having at least two exterior portions each of which is substantially non-parallel with the vertical central axis, at least one of the exterior portions being oriented at least in part in a direction toward a portion of the upper, another of the at least two exterior portions being oriented at least in part in a direction toward a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the at least two exterior portions converging toward each other, permanently connecting with each other and forming an apex, at least a portion of the exterior surface of the at least one sidewall being exposed to and visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe and the rear of the shoe. 285. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the air-tight enclosure includes at least a second sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the exterior surface of one of the at least two sidewalls being oriented generally in a direction toward the interior surface of another of the at least two sidewalls, the interior chamber having a maximum transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and between the interior surfaces of the at least two sidewalls, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from a vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure by a distance of at least one-half the maximum transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber. 286. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the air-tight enclosure includes at least a second sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the exterior surface of one of the at least two sidewalls being oriented generally in a direction toward the interior surface of another of the at least two sidewalls, the interior chamber having a minimum transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and between the interior surfaces of the at least two sidewalls, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from a vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure by a distance of at least one-half the minimum transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber. 287. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the two exterior portions converge toward each other in a direction away from the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 288. The shoe of claim 284, wherein each of the at least two exterior portions of the exterior surface has a maximum vertical dimension as measured from a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the vertical central axis and intersecting the apex, the maximum vertical dimension of each portion being substantially the same. 289. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the apex connecting the two exterior portions is an apex of an exterior curve. 290. The shoe of claim 289, wherein the exterior curve is convex. 291. The shoe of claim 289, wherein the exterior curve is generally concave relative to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 292. The shoe of claim 289, wherein the exterior curve is capable of being bisected at the apex by a plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 293. The shoe of claim 289, wherein at least a portion of the exterior curve has the shape of an arc of a circle. 294. The shoe of claim 289, wherein the exterior curve is generally semicircular in shape. 295. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the at least two interior portions of the interior surface converge toward each other in a direction away from the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 296. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the two interior portions converge toward each other in a direction toward the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 297. The shoe of claim 284, wherein each of the at least two interior portions of the interior surface has a maximum vertical dimension as measured from a cross-sectional plane perpendicular to the vertical central axis and intersecting the apex, the maximum vertical dimension of each portion being substantially the same. 298. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the apex connecting the two interior portions is an apex of an interior curve. 299. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the interior curve is generally concave relative to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 300. The shoe of claim 298, wherein the interior curve is generally convex relative to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 301. The shoe of claim 298, wherein the interior curve is capable of being bisected at the apex by a plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 302. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the apex connecting the two interior portions of the interior surface and the apex connecting the two exterior portions of the exterior surface are both in a single plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 303. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the two interior portions of the interior surface and the two exterior portions of the exterior surface both converge in a direction away from the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 304. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the apex connecting the two interior portions of the interior surface and the apex connecting the two exterior portions of the exterior surface are each an apex of a curve. 305. The shoe of claim 304, wherein the curve of the exterior surface and the curve of the interior surface both converge in a direction away from the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure. 306. The shoe of claim 304, wherein at least one of the curve of the exterior surface and the curve of the interior surface is capable of being bisected by a plane substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 307. The shoe of claim 304, wherein the curve of the exterior surface and the curve of the interior surface are capable of being bisected by the same plane. 308. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the top of the air-tight enclosure forms an opening centered at the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and in communication with the plate. 309. The shoe of claim 284, wherein each of the upper and the rear sole includes a peripheral region, the air-tight enclosure being located at least in part between a portion of the peripheral region of the upper and a portion of the peripheral region of the rear sole. 310. The shoe of claim 284, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, the at least a one wall being made of the same material as the plate and being integral with the plate. 311. The shoe of claim 310, wherein the at least one wall integral with the plate is visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe. 312. The shoe of claim 310, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate and being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 313. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe. 314. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from the bottom of the shoe. 315. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe, the lower surface of a peripheral region of the arch bridge along the lateral side of the shoe being approximately planar with the lower surface of the plate for at least a substantial portion of the full extension of the arch bridge as measured along an axis that is parallel with the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 316. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 317. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 318. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 319. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the interior portion of the plate is supported by a portion of the medial side of the shoe and a portion of the lateral side of the shoe. 320. The shoe of claim 284, the rear sole further including an outsole material having a layer with a thickness, the layer having an upper surface, a lower surface, a peripheral portion and an interior portion, the interior portion of the layer having an interior sidewall connecting the lower surface with the upper surface, the interior sidewall of the layer being visible from beneath the shoe, at least a portion of the interior sidewall of the layer being located beneath at least a portion of the interior portion of the plate. 321. The shoe of claim 320, wherein the plate is visible from beneath the shoe. 322. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the bottom of the shoe includes a ground-engaging portion, at least a portion of the plate being visible from the bottom of the shoe between at least two portions of the ground-engaging portion of the bottom of the shoe. 323. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the upper includes an open interior, further including at least one opening extending upwardly from the bottom of the shoe and being in air communication with the open interior of the upper. 324. The shoe of claim 284, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion connecting the top and bottom portions, a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and a transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable in the middle portion. 325. The shoe of claim 324, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-fourth the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-half the height of the interior chamber. 326. The shoe of claim 324, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber. 327. The shoe of claim 284, further including at least one inflated cushion. 328. The shoe of claim 327, wherein the at least one inflated cushion is spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer. 329. The shoe of claim 327, including a forward sole, at least one of the at least one inflated cushion being located in the forward sole. 330. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper including an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a bottom surface having a perimeter, the bottom surface having a ground-engaging portion, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least four portions each having a generally circular shape when viewed from beneath the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the at least four circular-shaped portions having an outer edge proximate at least a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole, at least two of the at least four circular-shaped portions being located proximate a medial side of the shoe and at least two of the at least four circular-shaped portions being located proximate a lateral side of the shoe, each of the at least four circular-shaped portions having a center, the centers of four of the at least four circular-shaped portions forming the corners of a quadrilateral having two opposed sides that are generally parallel with the major longitudinal axis of the shoe, each of the circular-shaped portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole having a diameter, the diameter of each of the circular-shaped portions being less than one-half the maximum width of the bottom surface of the rear sole as measured on a line substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe from a point on the medial side of the shoe to a point on the lateral side of the shoe; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; and an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper. 331. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface includes at least two additional portions each of which has a generally circular shape when viewed from beneath the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the two additional portions being located on opposite sides of the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 332. The shoe of claim 331, wherein the diameters of all of the circular-shaped portions are approximately the same. 333. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface includes at least four additional portions each of which has a generally circular shape when viewed from beneath the bottom surface of the rear sole, a first pair of the four additional portions being located on one side of the major longitudinal axis of the shoe, a second pair of the four additional portions being located on the other side of the major longitudinal axis of the shoe opposite the first pair. 334. The shoe of claim 333, wherein the diameters of all of the circular-shaped portions are approximately the same. 335. The shoe of claim 330, further including a substantially air-tight enclosure,-the air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom, a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure and at least one sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the air-tight enclosure being located between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper. 336. The shoe of claim 335, wherein the air-tight enclosure has a single interior chamber defined at least in part by the interior surface of the at least one sidewall, the interior chamber having a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and a transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure, the interior chamber being the only chamber any portion of which is located on any line between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper that is generally parallel with the vertical central axis and passes through any portion of the interior chamber, the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from the vertical central axis of any other air-tight enclosure. 337. The shoe of claim 336, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion connecting the top and bottom portions, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable in the middle portion. 338. The shoe of claim 337, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-fourth the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-half the height of the interior chamber. 339. The shoe of claim 337, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber. 340. The shoe of claim 336, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion and a bottom portion, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable along at least a portion of the height of the interior chamber. 341. The shoe of claim 335, wherein the air-tight enclosure includes at least a second sidewall having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the interior surface of one of the at least two sidewalls being oriented generally in a direction toward the interior surface of another of the at least two sidewalls, the at least two sidewalls forming an interior chamber, the interior chamber having a height parallel with the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and a transverse cross-sectional dimension in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and between the interior surfaces of the at least two sidewalls that is variable along at least a portion of the height of the interior chamber. 342. The shoe of claim 341, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion connecting the top and bottom portions, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable in the middle portion. 343. The shoe of claim 342, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-fourth the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-half the height of the interior chamber. 344. The shoe of claim 342, wherein the top and bottom portions of the interior chamber are each approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber and the middle portion is approximately one-third the height of the interior chamber. 345. The shoe of claim 341, wherein the interior chamber has a top portion and a bottom portion, the transverse cross-sectional dimension of the interior chamber being variable along at least a portion of the height of the interior chamber. 346. The shoe of claim 335, wherein the top of the air-tight enclosure forms an opening centered at the vertical central axis of the air-tight enclosure and in communication with the plate. 347. The shoe of claim 330, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, the at least one wall being made of the same material as the plate and being integral with the plate. 348. The shoe of claim 347, wherein the at least one wall integral with the plate is visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe. 349. The shoe of claim 347, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate and being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 350. The shoe of claim 349, wherein the at least one upwardly extending wall of the arch bridge is integral with the at least one upwardly extending wall of the plate. 351. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the bottom of the shoe has an elevated portion extending from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe below at least a portion of the arch region of the upper that is non-ground-engaging. 352. The shoe of claim 351, wherein the elevated portion extends below at least a substantial portion of the arch region of the upper. 353. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 354. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 355. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the plate extends under substantially the entire heel region. 356. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the rear sole has a width from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe, the plate forming a support bridge across the width of the rear sole from a paint proximate the medial side of the shoe to a point proximate the lateral side of the shoe. 357. The shoe of claim 330, the rear sole further including an outsole material having a layer with a thickness, the layer having an upper surface, a lower surface, a peripheral portion and an interior portion, the interior portion of the layer having an interior sidewall connecting the lower surface with the upper surface, the interior sidewall of the layer being visible from beneath the shoe, at least a portion of the interior sidewall of the layer being located beneath at least a portion of the interior portion of the plate. 358. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface includes at least one substantially planar portion having an outer edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole, the at least one substantially planar portion being located proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least one portion non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the at least one non-planar portion positioned proximate the perimeter of the bottom surface and inclined upwardly in a direction toward the perimeter of the bottom surface from another portion of the bottom surface, the at least one non-planar portion having an outer edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface and proximate a rearward portion of the rear sole, the portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to which the outer edge of the at least one substantially planar portion is proximate and the portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to which the outer edge of the at least one non-planar portion is proximate each having the shape of an arc of a circle, the circle having a diameter no greater than the maximum width of the bottom surface of the rear sole as measured on a line generally perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe from a point on the medial side of the shoe to a point on the lateral side of the shoe. 359. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the rear sole has center located beneath the approximate center of the calcaneus of the wearer of the shoe, the rear sole further including a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion connected below the heel region of the upper, the bottom surface having at least two portions which are beveled in different directions away from the center of the rear sole, each of the beveled portions defining at least in part the perimeter of the rear sole. 360. The shoe of claim 359, wherein one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the forward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward a front of the shoe. 361. The shoe of claim 359, wherein one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the rearward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward the rear of the shoe. 362. The shoe of claim 359, wherein one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the forward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward a front of the shoe and one of the at least two beveled portions is located at least in part in the rearward portion of the rear sole and is oriented at least in part toward the rear of the shoe. 363. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the rear sole has a perimeter, a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion connected below the heel region, the bottom surface of the rear sole including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole. 364. The shoe of claim 330, wherein the upper includes an open interior, further including at least one opening extending from the bottom of the shoe into the sole and being in air communication with the open interior of the upper. 365. The shoe of claim 330, further including at least one rib integral with at least a portion of the lower surface of the plate and being visible from outside the shoe. 366. The shoe of claim 365, wherein the at least one rib includes a plurality of ribs. 367. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper including an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper; and at least one inflated cushion positioned between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper, the at least one inflated cushion having a top, a bottom, a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom, an exterior sidewall, and a distance along the exterior sidewall from the top to the bottom of the at least one inflated cushion, the exterior sidewall being curved along a majority of the distance between the top and the bottom of the at least one inflated cushion. 368. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, an outsole and a midsole, the sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below the upper; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions, the plate being positioned between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper, at least a portion of the plate being below the heel region of the upper; at least a portion of the midsole including an inflated cushion positioned between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom, at least a portion of one of the top and the bottom of the inflated cushion being generally flat, at least a portion of the top being in contact with a portion of the shoe, the inflated cushion being spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer; and a vertical line passing from the bottom of the shoe through the upper, at least a portion of the inflated cushion and the plate being intersected by the vertical line. 369. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having a forward region, an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion, the rear sole including an outsole material having a layer with a thickness, the layer having an upper surface, a lower surface and a peripheral region, the lower surface of the layer being at least in part ground-engaging, the rear sole having a vertical central axis perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe and passing through the bottom of the shoe and the heel region of the upper; a midsole including at least one inflated cushion positioned between at least a portion of the lower surface of the layer and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the at least one inflated cushion having at least one sidewall, the midsole further including a midsole material external to the sidewall made of a material different from that comprising the outsole layer, the external midsole material extending in an upwardly direction from a location proximate at least a portion of the peripheral region of the layer and along at least a portion of a medial side of the shoe, a portion of a rear of the shoe and a portion of a lateral side of the shoe, the external midsole material having an exterior surface and an interior surface, the exterior surface being exposed to and visible from the outside of the shoe, the interior surface being adjacent to and conforming in shape to the at least one sidewall, the external midsole material having at least one opening therein on at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe, at least one portion of the at least one sidewall being exposed to and visible from outside the shoe through the at least one opening in the external midsole material; a flexible plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the lower surface of the layer and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the plate extending from an area proximate the medial side of the shoe to an area proximate the lateral side of the shoe, at least a portion of the plate completely surrounding the vertical central axis of the rear sole; and an arch bridge made of a material different from the material comprising the outsole of the rear sole, the arch bridge extending from a position proximate the forward portion of the rear sole forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper and having a lower surface, the lower surface of the arch bridge being elevated above the ground-engaging portion of the lower surface of the layer so as to be in substantial part non-ground-engaging, the lower surface of the arch bridge being visible from the bottom of the shoe and including a portion of the bottom of the shoe. 370. The shoe of claim 369, wherein the rear sole has a perimeter, the lower surface of the layer including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the lower surface of the layer, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the lower surface of the layer In a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sob, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion Of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole. 371. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper including an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole including a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion, the rear sole having a bottom surface having a perimeter, the bottom surface having a ground-engaging portion, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least one substantially planar portion having an outer edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole, the at least one substantially planar portion being located proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least one portion non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the at least one non-planar portion positioned proximate the perimeter of the bottom surface and inclined upwardly in a direction toward the perimeter of the bottom surface from another portion of the bottom surface, the at least one non-planar portion having an oar edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface and proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, the portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to which the outer edge of the at least one substantially planar portion is proximate and the portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to with the outer edge of the at least one non-planar portion is proximate each having the shape of an arc of a circle, the circle having a dlameter no greater than the maximum width of the bottom surface of the rear sole as measured on a line generally perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe from a point on the medial side of the shoe to a point on the lateral side of the shoe; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; and an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper. 372. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper including an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole including a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion, the rear sole having a bottom surface having a perimeter, the bottom surface having a ground-engaging portion, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least two substantially planar portions being generally in the same plane, each of the planar portions having an outer edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole, at least one of the at least two substantially planar portions being located proximate a medial side of the shoe and at least one of the at least two substantially planar portions being located proximate a lateral side of the shoe, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least one portion non-planar with the at least two substantially planar portions, the at least one non-planar portion positioned proximate the perimeter of the bottom surface and inclined upwardly in a direction toward the perimeter of the bottom surface from another portion of the bottom surface, the at least one non-planar portion having an outer edge proximate a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface and proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, each of the portions of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to which the outer edge of each of the at least two substantially planar portions is proximate and the portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface of the rear sole to which the outer edge of the at least one non-planar portion is proximate having the shape of an arc of a circle, the circle having a diameter no greater than the maximum width of the bottom surface of the rear sole as measured on a line generally perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe from a point on the medial side of the shoe to a point on the lateral side of the shoe; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; and an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper. 373. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a bottom surface having a perimeter, the bottom surface formed of a first material at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, the bottom surface of the rear sole being oriented at least in part beneath at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least two substantially planar portions generally in the same plane, the at least two planar portions having an outer edge proximate at least a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface, the ground-engaging portion of the bottom surface including at least three portions non-planar with the at least two substantially planar portions, each of the at least three non-planar portions being spaced apart from one another, the at least three non-planar portions having an outer edge proximate at least a portion of the perimeter of the bottom surface, each of the at least two substantially planar portions being located at least in part between two of the at least three non-planar portions as measured in a vertical plane; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; and an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper. 374. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper with a heel region and an arch region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper, the arch bridge having a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe, the lower surface of a peripheral region of the arch bridge along the lateral side of the shoe being approximately planar with the lower surface of the plate for at least a substantial portion of the full extension of the arch bridge as measured along an axis that is parallel with the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; and at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of the medial side and the lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate. 375. The shoe of claim 374, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 376. The shoe of claim 374, further including a substantially air-tight enclosure located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure. 377. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper including an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper; at least one air-tight enclosure positioned between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper, the at least one air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom, at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure being exposed to and visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe and the rear of the shoe, the at least one air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer, the at least one air-tight enclosure having an interior chamber; at least one inflated cushion spaced apart from the at least one air-tight enclosure; and a vertical line passing from the bottom of the shoe through the upper, at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure and the plate being intersected by the vertical line. 378. The shoe of claim 377, wherein the bottom of the shoe has an elevated portion extending from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe below at least a portion of the arch region of the upper that is non-ground-engaging. 379. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper including an arch region and a heel region; a sole including a rear sole, the rear sole being permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; at least one opening in the shoe, the opening being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the opening and the void; an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper; at least one air-tight enclosure positioned between at least a portion of the sole and at least a portion of the upper, the at least one air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom, a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom and an exterior sidewall, at least a portion of the top being in contact with a portion of the shoe, the at least one air-tight enclosure being spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer, the at least one air-tight enclosure having an interior chamber; at least one inflated cushion spaced apart from the at least one air-tight enclosure; and a vertical line passing from the bottom of the shoe through the upper, at least a portion of the at least one air-tight enclosure and the plate being intersected by the vertical line. 380. A shoe comprising: a bottom; a major longitudinal axis; an upper having an arch region and a heel region; a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a forward portion and an opposite rearward portion, and an outsole layer having a thickness and being formed of a first material, the outsole layer having an upper surface, a lower surface, a peripheral portion and an interior portion, the lower surface of the outsole layer being at least in part ground-engaging, the interior portion of the outsole layer having an interior sidewall connecting the lower surface with the upper surface, the interior sidewall of the outsole layer being visible from beneath the shoe, at least a portion of the interior sidewall of the outsole layer being located beneath at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole including a midsole layer above and in contact with the upper surface of the outsole layer; a plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions and positioned between at least a portion of the outsole of the rear sole and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, at least one of the peripheral portions of the plate being proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe, the interior portion of the plate being positioned over a void and exposed to the void, at least a portion of the plate capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe; a plurality of openings in the midsole layer, at least one of the openings being in air communication with the void to expose the interior portion of the plate from outside the shoe through the at least one opening and the void, at least another of the openings being located on at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe; and an arch bridge integral with the plate extending from a position proximate a forward portion of the plate, forward beneath at least a portion of the arch region of the upper. 381. The shoe of claim 380, further including at least one wall proximate at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate and extending in an upwardly direction from the plate, the at least one wall being made of the same material as the plate and being integral with the plate. 382. The shoe of claim 381, wherein the at least one wall integral with the plate is visible from at least one of the medial side of the shoe, the lateral side of the shoe, and the rear of the shoe. 383. The shoe of claim 381, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of the medial side of the shoe and the lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being made of the same material as the plate and being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 384. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe. 385. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from the bottom of the shoe. 386. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the arch bridge has a lower surface that is at least in part visible from outside the shoe, the lower surface of a peripheral region of the arch bridge along the lateral side of the shoe being approximately planar with the lower surface of the plate for at least a substantial portion of the full extension of the arch bridge as measured along an axis that is parallel with the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 387. The shoe of claim 380, wherein at least a portion of the interior sidewall is curved in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 388. The shoe of claim 380, wherein at least a portion of the interior sidewall is curved in a plane generally parallel with the vertical central axis. 389. The shoe of claim 380, wherein at least a portion of the interior sidewall is curved in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis and in a plane generally parallel with the vertical central axis. 390. The shoe of claim 380, wherein at least a portion of the interior sidewall is arcuate in shape in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 391. The shoe of claim 380, wherein at least a portion of the interior sidewall is arcuate in shape in a plane generally parallel with the vertical central axis. 392. The shoe of claim 380, wherein at least a portion of the interior sidewall is arcuate in shape in a plane generally perpendicular to the vertical central axis and in a plane generally parallel with the vertical central axis. 393. The shoe of claim 390, wherein the arcuate portion of the interior sidewall defines at least in part a circle. 394. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the plate is visible at least in part from beneath the shoe. 395. The shoe of claim 394, wherein the plate is formed of a second material different from that of the first material including the outsole layer. 396. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 397. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 398. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 399. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the interior portion of the plate is supported by a portion of the medial side of the shoe and a portion of the lateral side of the shoe. 400. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the bottom of the shoe includes a ground-engaging portion, at least a portion of the plate being visible from the bottom of the shoe between at least two portions of the ground-engaging portion of the bottom of the shoe. 401. The shoe of claim 380, wherein the upper includes an open interior, further including at least one opening extending upwardly from the bottom of the shoe and being in air communication with the open interior of the upper. 402. The shoe of claim 380, further including a substantially air-tight enclosure located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure. 403. The shoe of claim 402, wherein the air-tight enclosure is an inflated cushion. 404. The shoe of claim 403, including a forward sole, the inflated cushion being located in the forward sole. 405. The shoe of claim 403, wherein the inflated cushion includes a bladder. 406. The shoe of claim 405, wherein the bladder is an air bladder. 407. The shoe of claim 402, wherein a portion of the air-tight enclosure is at least in part curved. 408. The shoe of claim 407, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the air-tight enclosure is curved in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 409. The shoe of claim 407, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the air-tight enclosure is curved in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 410. The shoe of claim 407, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the air-tight enclosure is curved in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 411. The shoe of claim 407, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the air-tight enclosure is arcuate in shape in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 412. The shoe of claim 407, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the air-tight enclosure is arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis. 413. The shoe of claim 407, wherein the at least in part curved portion of the air-tight enclosure is arcuate in shape in a direction substantially parallel with the vertical central axis and in a direction substantially perpendicular to the vertical central axis. 414. The shoe of claim 402, wherein the air-tight enclosure is spaced apart from the plate during the entire gait cycle of the wearer. 415. The shoe of claim 402, wherein at least a portion of the top of the air-tight enclosure is in contact with a portion of the shoe. 416. The shoe of claim 402, wherein each of the upper and the rear sole includes a peripheral region, the air-tight enclosure being located at least in part between a portion of the peripheral region of the upper and a portion of the peripheral region of the rear sole. 417. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; and a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below said heel region of said upper, said rear sole having a bottom surface, at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, said bottom surface including a substantially planar portion and at least two beveled segments non-planar with said planar portion, each of said at least two beveled segments inclined in an upwardly extending direction from an interior portion of said beveled segment toward an outer edge of said beveled segment, at least a portion of said outer edge of said beveled segment being coincident with said outer edge of said bottom surface, each of said beveled segments having a maximum linear dimension less than the greatest width of said bottom surface as measured from the medial side to the lateral side of said bottom surface along a line perpendicular to a major axis of said shoe, said interior portion of said beveled segment defining an edge convexly curved away from said outer edge of said bottom surface. 418. The shoe of claim 417, wherein said bottom surface of said rear sole is circular. 419. The shoe of claim 417, wherein said bottom surface of said rear sole is elliptical. 420. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; and a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below said heel region of said upper, said rear sole having a bottom surface, at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, said bottom surface including a substantially planar portion and at least two beveled segments non-planar with said planar portion, each of said at least two beveled segments inclined in an upwardly extending direction from an interior portion of said beveled segment toward an outer edge of said beveled segment, at least a portion of said outer edge of each of said beveled segments being coincident with said outer edge of said bottom surface, the interior portion of each of said beveled segments defining an edge convexly curved away from said outer edge of said bottom surface, an aggregate area of said at least two beveled segments being at least as great as an aggregate area of said substantially planar portion. 421. A shoe comprising: an upper having a heel region; and a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below said heel region of said upper, said rear sole having a bottom surface, at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, said bottom surface including a substantially planar portion and at least two beveled segments non-planar with said planar portion, each of said at least two beveled segments inclined in an upwardly extending direction from an interior portion of said beveled segment toward an outer edge of said beveled segment, at least a portion of the outer edge of each of said beveled segments being coincident with the outer edge of said bottom surface, said interior portion of each of said beveled segments defining an edge convexly curved away from said outer edge of said bottom surface. 422. The shoe of claims 421, wherein said bottom surface of said rear sole is circular. 423. A shoe comprising: an upper having a forward region, an arch region, a heel region and an open interior; a midsole below the upper, the midsole including a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a thickness, the rear sole having a perimeter, a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion below the heel region, the rear sole having a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, the bottom surface of the rear sole including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole; a flexible plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions, the plate being positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper; and at least one opening extending from the bottom of the shoe into the midsole, the at least one opening being in air communication with the interior of the upper, the opening having a height as measured from the bottom of the shoe along a vertical central axis that is greater than one-half the thickness of the rear sole. 424. The shoe of claim 423, further including a substantially air-tight enclosure located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure. 425. The shoe of claim 423, further including an inflated cushion located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the inflated cushion. 426. The shoe of claim 425, wherein the midsole includes a forward sole, the inflated cushion being located in the forward sole. 427. The shoe of claim 423, wherein at least a portion of the plate is capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 428. The shoe of claim 423, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 429. The shoe of claim 423, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 430. The shoe of claim 423, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 431. The shoe of claim 423, further including a heel support including a wall extending vertically at least in part, the wall being in air communication with and visible from the outside of the shoe, the wall including a top, a bottom and at least one window in the wall between the top and the bottom of the wall. 432. The shoe of claim 431, wherein the heel support includes a rim proximate the top of the wall, the rim extending inwardly at least in part and having a lower surface oriented toward the bottom of the shoe. 433. The shoe of claim 432, wherein the lower surface of the rim is substantially parallel with the upper surface of the plate. 434. The shoe of claim 432, wherein the rim overlies only the peripheral portions of the plate. 435. The shoe of claim 432, wherein the heel support has a top and the rear sole has a width from a medial side of the shoe to a lateral side of the shoe, the rim defining an opening in the top of the heel support having a dimension from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe that is greater than one-half the width of the rear sole. 436. The shoe of claim 423, wherein the plate includes at least one opening therethrough. 437. The shoe of claim 423, wherein the plate includes a plurality of openings therethrough. 438. The shoe of claim 431, wherein the at least one window is located on at least one of a medial side of the shoe, a lateral side of the shoe and a rear of the shoe. 439. The shoe of claim 431, wherein the shoe includes a major longitudinal axis, the rear sole having a vertical central axis perpendicular to the major longitudinal axis of the shoe and passing through the bottom of the shoe and the heel region of the upper, the rim including an upper surface opposite the lower surface and an interior edge connecting the upper and lower surfaces of the rim, the interior edge being oriented at least in part toward the vertical central axis of the rear sole. 440. The shoe of claim 423, further including an arch bridge positioned below at least a portion of the arch region of the upper, the arch bridge including a lower surface having an elevated portion that is non-ground-engaging, the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge being visible from outside of the shoe. 441. The shoe of claim 440, wherein the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge is visible from the bottom of the shoe. 442. The shoe of claim 440, further including an inflated cushion located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the inflated cushion. 443. The shoe of claim 440, wherein the plate is made of the same material as the arch bridge. 444. The shoe of claim 440, wherein at least a rearward portion of the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge proximate a medial side of the shoe is inclined upwardly in a direction toward a front of the shoe. 445. The shoe of claim 440, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 446. A shoe comprising: an upper having a forward region, an arch region, a heel region and an open interior; a midsole below the upper, the midsole including a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a perimeter, a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion below the heel region, the rear sole having a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, the bottom surface of the rear sole including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole; a flexible plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions, the plate being positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the heel region of the upper; at least one opening extending from the bottom of the shoe into the midsole, the at least one opening being in air communication with the interior of the upper; and at least one inflated cushion positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and at least a portion of the upper, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom, an exterior side, and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the inflated cushion. 447. The shoe of claim 446, wherein the midsole includes a forward sole, the inflated cushion being located in the forward sole. 448. The shoe of claim 446, wherein the inflated cushion has at least one exterior portion that is in air communication with and visible from the outside of the shoe. 449. The shoe of claim 448, wherein the at least one exterior portion of the inflated cushion spans a major longitudinal axis of the shoe from a medial side of the major longitudinal axis of the shoe to a lateral side of the major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 450. The shoe of claim 446, wherein at least a portion of the plate is capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 451. The shoe of claim 446, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 452. The shoe of claim 446, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 453. The shoe of claim 446, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 454. The shoe of claim 446, further including a heel support including a wall extending vertically at least in part, the wall being in air communication with and visible from the outside of the shoe, the wall including a top, a bottom and at least one window in the wall between the top and the bottom of the wall. 455. The shoe of claim 454, wherein the heel support includes a rim proximate the top of the wall, the rim extending inwardly at least in part and having a lower surface oriented toward the bottom of the shoe. 456. The shoe of claim 455, wherein the lower surface of the rim is substantially parallel with the upper surface of the plate. 457. The shoe of claim 455, wherein the rim overlies only the peripheral portions of the plate. 458. The shoe of claim 455, wherein the heel support has a top and the rear sole has a width from a medial side of the shoe to a lateral side of the shoe, the rim defining an opening in the top of the heel support having a dimension from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe that is greater than one-half the width of the rear sole. 459. The shoe of claim 454, wherein the plate is integral with at least a portion of the heel support. 460. The shoe of claim 446, wherein the plate includes at least one opening therethrough. 461. The shoe of claim 446, wherein the plate includes a plurality of openings therethrough. 462. The shoe of claim 446, further including an arch bridge positioned below at least a portion of the arch region of the upper, the arch bridge including a lower surface having an elevated portion that is non-ground-engaging, the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge being visible from outside of the shoe. 463. The shoe of claim 462, wherein the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge is visible from the bottom of the shoe. 464. The shoe of claim 462, wherein the plate is made of the same material as the arch bridge. 465. The shoe of claim 454, further including an arch bridge positioned below at least a portion of the arch region of the upper, the arch bridge including a lower surface having an elevated portion that is non-ground-engaging, the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge being visible from outside of the shoe. 466. The shoe of claim 465, wherein the arch bridge is integrally formed with the heel support. 467. The shoe of claim 462, wherein at least a rearward portion of the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge proximate a medial side of the shoe is inclined upwardly in a direction toward a front of the shoe. 468. The shoe of claim 462, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being visible at least in part from outside the shoe. 469. A shoe comprising: an upper having a forward region, an arch region, a heel region and an open interior; a midsole below the upper, the midsole including a rear sole permanently attached and non-rotatable below at least a portion of the heel region of the upper, the rear sole having a perimeter, a rearward portion and an opposite forward portion below the heel region, the rear sole having a bottom surface at least a portion of which is ground-engaging, the bottom surface of the rear sole including at least one substantially planar portion and at least two portions non-planar with the at least one substantially planar portion, the non-planar portions being positioned proximate the perimeter of the rear sole and separated from each other by other portions of the bottom surface of the rear sole, each of the non-planar portions being inclined upwardly from another portion of the bottom surface of the rear sole in a direction toward the perimeter of the rear sole, one of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the rearward portion of the rear sole, and at least a portion of another of the at least two non-planar portions being proximate the forward portion of the rear sole; and a flexible plate having an upper surface, a lower surface, an interior portion and peripheral portions, the plate being positioned between at least a portion of the bottom of the shoe and a portion of the upper, the plate having at least one opening therein that permits air communication between the open interior of the upper and the bottom of the shoe. 470. The shoe of claim 469, further including a substantially air-tight enclosure located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the air-tight enclosure having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the air-tight enclosure. 471. The shoe of claim 469, further including an inflated cushion located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the inflated cushion. 472. The shoe of claim 471, wherein the midsole includes a forward sole, the inflated cushion being located in the forward sole. 473. The shoe of claim 469, wherein at least a portion of the plate is capable of being deflected in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 474. The shoe of claim 469, wherein the interior portion of the plate is capable of being deflected relative to at least a portion of the peripheral portions of the plate in a direction substantially perpendicular to a major longitudinal axis of the shoe. 475. The shoe of claim 469, wherein the plate extends under at least a majority of the area occupied by the heel region. 476. The shoe of claim 469, wherein the plate extends under at least two-thirds of the area occupied by the heel region. 477. The shoe of claim 469, further including a heel support including a wall extending vertically at least in part, the wall being in air communication with and visible from the outside of the shoe, the wall including a top, a bottom and at least one window in the wall between the top and the bottom of the wall. 478. The shoe of claim 477, wherein the heel support includes a rim proximate the top of the wall, the rim extending inwardly at least in part and having a lower surface oriented toward the bottom of the shoe. 479. The shoe of claim 478, wherein the lower surface of the rim is substantially parallel with the upper surface of the plate. 480. The shoe of claim 478, wherein the rim overlies only the peripheral portions of the plate. 481. The shoe of claim 478, wherein the heel support has a top and the rear sole has a width from a medial side of the shoe to a lateral side of the shoe, the rim defining an opening in the top of the heel support having a dimension from the medial side of the shoe to the lateral side of the shoe that is greater than one-half the width of the rear sole. 482. The shoe of claim 469, wherein the plate includes a plurality of openings therethrough. 483. The shoe of claim 477, further including an inflated cushion located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the inflated cushion. 484. The shoe of claim 469, further including an arch bridge positioned below at least a portion of the arch region of the upper, the arch bridge including a lower surface having an elevated portion that is non-ground-engaging, the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge being visible from outside of the shoe. 485. The shoe of claim 484, wherein the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge is visible from the bottom of the shoe. 486. The shoe of claim 484, further including an inflated cushion located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the inflated cushion. 487. The shoe of claim 477, further including an arch bridge positioned below at least a portion of the arch region of the upper, the arch bridge including a lower surface having an elevated portion that is non-ground-engaging, the elevated portion of the lower surface of the arch bridge being visible from outside of the shoe. 488. The shoe of claim 487, further including an inflated cushion located at least in part between a portion of the upper and a portion of the bottom of the shoe, the inflated cushion having a top, a bottom and a vertical central axis passing through the top and the bottom of the inflated cushion. 489. The shoe of claim 484, further including at least one wall integral with the arch bridge proximate at least one of a medial side of the shoe and a lateral side of the shoe and extending in an upwardly direction from the arch bridge, the at least one wall of the arch bridge being visible at least in part from outside the shoe.
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