초록 ▼

Described as a self-indicating instant radiation dosimeter (1001) for monitoring high energy radiations, such as X-ray. The dosimeter contains a radiation sensitive, color changing, indicating composition (10), e.g., a diacetylene (R--C≡C--C≡C--R', where R and R' are substituents groups)

Described as a self-indicating instant radiation dosimeter (1001) for monitoring high energy radiations, such as X-ray. The dosimeter contains a radiation sensitive, color changing, indicating composition (10), e.g., a diacetylene (R--C≡C--C≡C--R', where R and R' are substituents groups) or a radiochromic dye, a polymeric binder (20) and optionally a shelf life extender (50) or an activator (40). The radiation sensitive composition (10) changes color instantly when exposed to high energy radiation. The dose is estimated by comparing the color with a color reference chart or more accurately with a spectrophotometer or an optical densitometer. The radiation sensitive composition (10) is protected from low energy radiation such as UV light, by a layer of low energy absorbing materials, such as UV absorbers.

대표청구항 ▼

The invention claimed is: 1. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate having thereon a radiation sensitive material comprising: a shelf life extender and at least one imaging layer containing said radiation sensitive material, having the capability of developing detectable color change

The invention claimed is: 1. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate having thereon a radiation sensitive material comprising: a shelf life extender and at least one imaging layer containing said radiation sensitive material, having the capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV wherein said radiation sensitive material has the capability of developing a detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation, selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound; and at least one indicator selected from the group consisting of an indicator capable of indicating a false positive or tampering, a UV exposure indicator, a temperature exposure indicator and a self canceling or time-temperature indicator. 2. The device of claim 1 wherein said diacetylene has at least one set of conjugated alkynes and is selected from the group consisting of: R'--C≡C--C≡C--R", where R' and R" are independently selected from: (CH2)b--H; (CH2)bOH; (CH2)b--OCONH--R1; (CH2)b--O--CO--R1; (CH2)b--O--R1; (CH2)b--COOH; (CH2)b--COOM; (CH2)b--NH2; (CH2)b--CONHR1; (CH2)b--CO--O--R1 or a mixture thereof; where b=1-10, and M is a cation or (R1)3N+ wherein R1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or phenyl; and symmetrical or asymmetrical fatty acid of R1--(CH2)nC≡C--C≡C--(CH2) m--R2 or their derivatives, where at least one of the R1 or R2 is--COOH and n and m are independently selected from 1-10. 3. The device of claim 1 further comprising at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to a color change detectable at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation. 4. The device of claim 1 further comprising at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to a color change detectable at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said device is in the form of a sticker or badge. 5. The radiation monitoring device of claim 1 wherein said indicator is a false positive or tampering. 6. The radiation monitoring device of claim 1 wherein said indicator is a UV exposure indicator. 7. The radiation monitoring device of claim 1 wherein said indicator is a temperature exposure indicator. 8. The radiation monitoring device of claim 1 wherein said indicator is a self canceling or time-temperature indicator. 9. The device of claim 1 wherein said radiation sensitive material is made inactive by forming a solid solution or dissolution. 10. The device of claim 1 wherein said radiation material is made inactive by melting, phase change, dissolution or annealing. 11. The device of claim 10 wherein said phase change is radiation induced. 12. The device of claim 1 wherein said radiation material is made inactive by heating above a predetermined temperature. 13. The radiation monitoring device of claim 1 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 14. The radiation monitoring device of claim 1 wherein said diacetylene has a melting point higher than 100° C. 15. The radiation monitoring device of claim 1 wherein said shelf life extender comprises a dye or a pigment. 16. The radiation monitoring device of claim 15 wherein said dye is a yellow dye. 17. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate having thereon a radiation sensitive material comprising: a shelf life extender and at least one imaging layer containing said radiation sensitive material, having the capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation-having energy higher than 5 eV, and means for protecting said radiation sensitive material from undesirable effect of radiation having an energy level of at least as low as visible light wherein said radiation sensitive material has the capability of developing a detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation, selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound. 18. The device of claim 17 wherein said means is selected from the group consisting of a UV absorber, a UV reflector, and a radiation opaque layer. 19. The device of claim 17 wherein said shelf life extender comprises one or more members of the group consisting of heat stabilizers, reactive species quenchers, free radical scavengers, oxygen scavengers, antioxidants, reaction inhibitors of the selected reactive species, thermo-oxidation inhibitors, photo-oxidation inhibitors, hydroperoxide decomposers, H-donors, UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, UV reflectors, and fluorescent optical brighteners. 20. The device of claim 17 wherein said diacetylene has at least one set of conjugated alkynes and is selected from the group consisting of: R'--C≡C--C≡C--R", where R' and R" are independently selected from: (CH2)b--H; (CH2)bOH; (CH2)b--OCONH--R1; (CH2)b--O--CO--R1; (CH2)b--O--R1; (CH2)b--COOH; (CH2)b--COOM; (CH2)b--NH2; (CH2)b--CONHR1; (CH2)b--CO--O--R1 or a mixture thereof; where b=1-10, and M is a cation or (R1)3N+ wherein R1 is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or phenyl; and symmetrical or asymmetrical fatty acid of R1--(CH2)nC≡C--C≡C--(CH2) m--R2 or their derivatives, where at least one of the R1 or R2 is--COOH and n and m are independently selected from 1-10. 21. The device of claim 17 further comprising at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to a color change detectable at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation. 22. The device of claim 17 further comprising at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to a color change detectable at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said device is in the form of a sticker or badge. 23. The radiation monitoring device of claim 17 further comprising an indicator capable of indicating a false positive or tampering. 24. The radiation monitoring device of claim 17 further comprising a UV exposure indicator. 25. The radiation monitoring device of claim 17 further comprising a temperature exposure indicator. 26. The radiation monitoring device of claim 17 further comprising a self canceling or time-temperature indicator. 27. The device of claim 17 wherein said radiation sensitive material is made inactive by forming a solid solution or dissolution. 28. The device of claim 17 wherein said radiation material is made inactive by melting, phase change, dissolution or annealing. 29. The radiation monitoring device of claim 17 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 30. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate having thereon a radiation sensitive material comprising: a shelf life extender and at least one imaging layer containing said radiation sensitive material, having the capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV wherein said radiation sensitive material is selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound wherein said shelf life extender comprises one or more members of the group consisting of reactive species quenchers, free radical scavengers, oxygen scavengers, antioxidants, reaction inhibitors of the selected reactive species, thermo-oxidation inhibitors, photo-oxidation inhibitors, hydroperoxide decomposers, H-donors, UV stabilizers, UV absorbers, UV reflectors, and fluorescent optical brighteners. 31. The radiation monitoring device of claim 30 wherein said radiation sensitive material is a diacetylene. 32. The radiation monitoring device of claim 30 wherein said radiation sensitive material is a mixture of radiochromic dye. 33. The radiation monitoring device of claim 30 wherein said radiation sensitive material is a pH sensitive dye. 34. The radiation monitoring device of claim 30 wherein said radiation sensitive material is an acid producing compound. 35. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least two colors corresponding to said detectable color change at at least two predetermined levels of ionizing radiation wherein said device further comprises indicia with a predetermined optical density wherein when said device is exposed to radiation said device has an optical density corresponding to said predetermined optical density. 36. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said binder is an organic or inorganic polymer. 37. The radiation monitoring device of claim 36 wherein said binder comprises at least one compound selected from polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, polymethylmethacrylate, polybutylmethacrylate, polyisobutylmethacrylate, polyvinylbutyral, polyvinylchloride, plastisol of polyvinyl chloride or its copolymer, polyvinylidene chloride, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylstearate, polybutadiene, polyvinylacetate, polyhexamethyleneadipate, polyhexamethylenevinylene, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polybutylmethacrylate/isobutylmethacrylate, poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), poly(ethylmethacrylate), polyethylene/vinylacetate, poly(isobutylmethacrylate), poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid), poly(ethyelene-co-butylacrylate-co-carbon monoxide), poly(o-cresyl glycidyl ether)-formaldehyde, poly(ethyelene-co-1-butene), poly(ethyelene-co-methylacrylate), polyethylene-co-vinylacetate-co-carbon monoxide), cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, gelatin, and copolymers or mixture thereof. 38. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said detectable color change occurs at an exposure selected from at least one of ≦5 rads, ≦10 rads, ≦25 rads, ≦100 rads, ≦200 rads, ≦500 rads, ≦1,000 rads, ≦10,000 rads, ≦25,000 rads, ≦100,000 rads, ≦200,000 rads, ≦500,000 rads, ≦1000,000 rads, and ≦10,000,000 rads. 39. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device comprises dose printed on a side. 40. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device comprises printed information comprising at least one of description of use, hologram, user's name, bar code, identification number, an effect of said dose and actions to be taken due to said dose. 41. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device has a shape selected from square, triangular, rectangular, hexagonal and circular. 42. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device is selected from a tape, bandage, patch, sticker, film, plaque and rod. 43. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said radiochromic material comprises at least one material selected from a radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and a halocarbon. 44. The radiation monitoring device of claim 43 wherein said radiochromic material is selected from leuco-crystal violet, leuco malachite green, new fuschin cyanide, hexahydroxy ethyl violet cyanide, pararose aniline cyanide, leuco crystal violet, leuco malachite green, carbinol dyes, such as malachite green base, p-roseaniline base, pentamethoxytriphenylmethane, ethyl red, methyl red, ethyl orange, bromothymol blue or bromocresol purple, trichloromethylbenzylacetate, polyvinylchloride, polyvinylidine chloride, polyepichlorohydrin, chlorinated oligomer, chlorinated polymer, copolymer, or mixture thereof; halonium salt, diphenyliodinium hexafluoroarsenate, diphenyliodinium chloride or a mixture thereof. 45. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said color change is selected from colorless-to-red, colorless-to-blue, blue-to-red, red-to-blue, yellow-to-blue, yellow-to-red, green-to-yellow or yellow-green. 46. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said substrate has a thickness from 1 to 10,000 μm. 47. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device is 0.5 mm to 1 meter wide and 1 mm to 1 meter long in size. 48. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device comprises continuously increasing color changes in response to exposure. 49. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 further comprising a UV protective layer. 50. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said protective layer comprises a UV absorber or UV reflector. 51. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said protective layer is a transparent plastic film or coating. 52. The radiation monitoring device of claim 51 wherein said protective layer comprises a pocket for receiving said radiation monitoring device. 53. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said protective layer comprises a material selected from photochromic material, moisture resistant material or fluorescent material. 54. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said substrate or said protective layer comprises an opaque or metallized layer. 55. The radiation monitoring device of claim 54 wherein said metallized layer is metallized polyester. 56. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said protective layer is made from at least one material chosen from a group consisting of polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyolefines, polyacrylates, polyvinyl derivatives, polyester derivatives, polyvinyl chloride, cellulose derivatives, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, silicone or siloxane resins, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, epoxy resins, and mixture thereof. 57. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device is in the form of a sticker or badge. 58. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device is attachable to a user, clothing or equipment. 59. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device is used for monitoring radiation from a radioactive material or radiation source, nuclear power plant or nuclear bomb or radiation dispersing device. 60. The radiation monitoring device of claim 59 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 61. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 further comprising an aluminum foil cover. 62. The radiation monitoring device of claim 61 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 63. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 further comprising a metal foil capable of making sensitive to or blocking UV light, electrons, protons and alpha particles. 64. The radiation monitoring device of claim 63 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 65. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device comprises indicia which disappear with exposure to radiation. 66. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said indicia are indistinguishable from said device after exposure. 67. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 68. The radiation monitoring device of claim 35 wherein said radiochromic material comprises a diacetylene with a melting point higher than 100° C. 69. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said binder is an organic or inorganic polymer and wherein said reference chart is a color reference chart comprising partially polymerized diacetylene and polydiacetylene. 70. The radiation monitoring device of claim 69 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 71. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation further comprising more than one said imaging layer and more than one reference chart wherein said radiochromic material is selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound. 72. The radiation monitoring device of claim 71 wherein each said imaging layer has a detectable color change. 73. The radiation monitoring device of claim 72 wherein each said imaging layer develops different colors or intensities at different radiation doses. 74. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said radiochromatic material is a diacetylene comprising a symmetrical or asymmetrical fatty acid of R1--(CH2)n--C≡C--C≡C--(CH2)m --R2 or their derivatives, where at least one of the R1 or R2 is--COOH and n and m are independently selected from 1-10. 75. The radiation monitoring device of claim 74 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 76. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation_wherein said radiochromic material is a diacetylene comprising CH3(CH2)9--C≡C--C≡C--(CH2) 8CONH(CH2)3CH3; CH3(CH2)11--C≡C--C≡C--(CH2 )8CONHCH2CH3; CH3(CH2)11--C≡C--C≡C--(CH2 )8CONH(CH2)3CH3; CH3(CH2)11--C≡C--C≡C--(CH2 )8CONHC6H5; and CH3(CH2)9--C≡C--C≡C--(CH2) 8CONHC6H5. 77. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said device comprises diacetylene which is inactive and activated by heating including melting, phase change, dissolution or annealing said diacetylene. 78. The radiation monitoring device of claim 77 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 79. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said device comprises diacetylene made inactive by forming a solid solution or dissolution. 80. The radiation monitoring device of claim 79 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 81. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said diacetylenes are crystallized from amorphous state or solid solution by annealing. 82. The radiation monitoring device of claim 81 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 83. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation and a shelf life extender comprising one or more of a heat stabilizer, a quencher of reactive species, scavengers of radical, scavengers of oxygen, antioxidant, inhibitor of reactive species, preventor of reactive species, thermo-oxidative preventor, photo-oxidative preventor, hydroperoxide decomposer, H-donor, metal destabilizer, UV stabilizer, UV absorber, UV reflector, fluorescent, optical brightener or mixture thereof wherein said radiochromic material is a diacetylene. 84. The radiation monitoring device of claim 83 wherein said UV absorber is a compound selected from aromatic polymers comprising polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, aromatic polyurethanes, poly(bis-phenol carbonate) or mixture thereof. 85. The radiation monitoring device of claim 83 wherein said UV absorber is a compound selected from, benzophenones, benzotriazoles, benzoates, oxanilides, salicylates, cinnmates, coumarins, anthranilates, or mixture thereof. 86. The radiation monitoring device of claim 83 wherein said UV absorber comprises a compound selected from benzamide; benzophenone hydrazone; 3,3',4,4'-benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride; benzotriazole, 2,2'-biphenol; 4,4'-biphenol; bisphenol-A; 2-(2H-benzotriazole-2-yl-4-methyl phenol); ethylhexyl-p-methoxycinnamate; 2-ethylhexyl salicylate; oxybenzone; p-aminobenzoic acid and its derivatives; diester or polyester of a naphthalene dicarboxylic acid; 2-ethylhexyl-2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl acrylate; 2-phenyl benzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid; digalloyl trioleate; 3-(4-methyl benzylidene) camphor; 4-isopropyl dibenzoyl methane; butyl methoxy dibenzoyl methane; 2-ethyl-2-cyano-3,3'-diphenyl acrylate; cupferron; ethylsalicylate; hydroxy methoxy benzophenone; hydroxybenzophenone; hydroxycinnamic acid; sulfosalicylic acid; tetrahydroxy benzophenone; fast blue BB; phenothiazine; 4-nitrophenol; 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin; 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol; 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol; Poly[2-(4-benzoyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)ethyl acrylate]; 2-tert-Butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol; 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol; 2,2-Methylenebis[6-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl) phenol]; 2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol; 2-Phenyl-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid; 2-(2'-hydroxy-5-octylphenyl benzotriazole); 3,4 diaminobenzophenone; 2,4 dihydroxybenzophenone; 3,5 dihydroxy benzoic acid; 2,2' dihydroxy 4,4' dimethyl benzophenone; 2,2' dihydroxy 4 methoxy benzophenone; 2,3 dihydroxy naphthalene; diphenylamine; di-tert-butyl-4-methyl phenol; 4-hydroxybenzophenone; 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzophenone; 2-hydroxy-4n-octyloxybenzophenone; lauryl gallate; phenyl hydroquinone; 4,4'(1,4 phenylene diisopropylidine) bisphenol; 4,4'(1,3 phenylene diisopropylidine) bisphenol; salicylanilide; 2,2',4,4' tetrahydroxy benzophenone; 2,3,4 trihydroxybenzophenone; trimethyl hydroquinone; 1,1,1 tris(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethane, octylmethoxy cinnamate, cinoxate, methyl salicylate and menthyl anthranilate or mixture therof. 87. The radiation monitoring device of claim 83 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 88. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation and a shelf life extender comprising one or more of a heat stabilizer, a quencher of reactive species, scavengers of radical, scavengers of oxygen, antioxidant, inhibitor of reactive species, preventor of reactive species, thermo-oxidative preventor, photo-oxidative preventor, hydroperoxide decomposer, H-donor, metal destabilizer, UV stabilizer, UV absorber, UV reflector, fluorescent, optical brightener or mixture thereof wherein said radiochromic material is selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound wherein said shelf life extender is selected from phenols, polyphenols, substituted phenols, hydroquinones, aromatic amines, aromatic hydrazines, ferric chloride, cupric chloride, sulfur, radical inhibitors, thermo-oxidative preventor, photo-oxidative preventor, hydroperoxide decomposer, H-donors, alkyl sulfides, alkyl phosphites, aromatic amines, alkyl phenols, metal dithiophosphates, metal dithiocarbamates, tetramethylpiperidines, bisphenols, thiobisphenols, organophosphites, thioesters, aromatic amines, phenols, sterically hindered phenols, sterically hindered amine, organic compound of trivalent phosphorus, organic compound of sulfur, metal salt of dialkyldithiocarbamate, dithiophosphate, ester of 3,3-thiodipropionic acid, sulfide, phosphate, phosphonite, benzofuranone or mixture thereof. 89. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation and a shelf life extender comprising one or more of a heat stabilizer, a quencher of reactive species, scavengers of radical, scavengers of oxygen, antioxidant, inhibitor of reactive species, preventor of reactive species, thermo-oxidative preventor, photo-oxidative preventor, hydroperoxide decomposer, H-donor, metal destabilizer, UV stabilizer, UV absorber, UV reflector, fluorescent, optical brightener or mixture thereof wherein said radiochromic material is selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound wherein said shelf life extenders comprise a compound selected from 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol (BHT), 2,3-t-butyl-4-hydroxanisole, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, m-xylylenediamine, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, 1,3-bis(3-aminomethylphenyl-methylamino)-2-propanol, 1,3-bis(N,N-N-diglycidylaminomethyl)cyclohexane, N,N,N',N'-tetraglycidyl-m-xylenediamine, poly[4,4-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate)-alt-1,4-butanediol; poly[N,N-bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)-1,6-hexanediamine-co-2, 4-dichloro-6-morpholino-1,3,5-tria; 1,5,8,12-tetrakis[4,6-bis(N-butyl-N-1,2,2,6, 6-pentamethyl-4-piperidylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-1,5,8,12-tetraazadode, 5,5-methylenebis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone or mixture thereof. 90. A process of forming a radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation comprising cooling a mixture of a diacetylene, a shelf life extender and a binder in a solvent. 91. The process of forming the radiation monitoring device of claim 90 wherein said process comprises cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature. 92. The process of forming a radiation monitoring device of claim 90 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 93. A process of forming a radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said process comprises cooling a mixture of a diacetylene, a shelf life extender and a molten polymer. 94. The process of forming the radiation monitoring device of claim 93 wherein said process comprises cooling a mixture of fused plastisol, a shelf life extender and diacetylene. 95. The process of forming a radiation monitoring device of claim 93 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 96. A process of forming a radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said process comprises UV or peroxide curing a mixture of monomer, oligomer and diacetylene. 97. A process of forming a self indicating radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said process comprises heating said mixture at elevated temperature to dissolve diacetylene; heating at further higher temperature to fuse a plastisol; and cooling to a lower temperature. 98. A process of forming the radiation monitoring device of claim 97 wherein said device is made from melt, then annealed below the melting point of the polymer but above the melting point or dissolution temperature of diacetylene for crystallization of diacetylenes. 99. The process of forming a radiation monitoring device of claim 97 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 100. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least two colors corresponding to said detectable color change at least two predetermined levels of ionizing radiation wherein said device further comprises an indicator capable of indicating a false positive or tampering. 101. The radiation monitoring device of claim 93 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 102. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least two colors corresponding to said detectable color change at least two predetermined levels of ionizing radiation wherein said device further comprises at least one indicator selected from a UV exposure indicator, a temperature exposure indicator, a self canceling indicator and a time temperature indicator. 103. The radiation monitoring device of claim 102 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 104. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation wherein said device comprises indicia with a predetermined optical density wherein when said device is exposed to radiation said device has an optical density corresponding to said predetermined optical density wherein said device comprises indicia which disappear with exposure to radiation wherein when indicia is in the form of numbers. 105. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; a radiation sensitive material coated on said substrate wherein said radiation sensitive material comprises a shelf life extender and radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation; and a protective layer wherein said radiochromic material has at least one set of conjugated alkynes. 106. The radiation monitoring device of claim 105 wherein said detectable color change occurs with an exposure of at least 4 eV to no more than 100 MeV. 107. The radiation monitoring device of claim 105 wherein said radiochromic material is a diacetylene. 108. The radiation monitoring device of claim 107 wherein said diacetylene has a melting point higher than 100° C. 109. The radiation monitoring device of claim 107 wherein said diacetylene is R'--C≡C--C≡C--R", where R' and R" are independently selected from: (CH2)b--H; (CH2)bOH; (CH2)b--OCONH--R1; (CH2)b--O--CO--R1; (CH2)b--O--R1; (CH2)b--COOH; (CH2)b--COOM; (CH2)b--NH2; (CH2)b--CONHR1; (CH2)b--CO--O--R1 or a mixture thereof; where b=1-10, and R1 is an aliphatic or aromatic radical, and M is a cation or (R1)3N+. 110. The radiation monitoring device of claim 109 wherein R1 is selected from a C1-C15 alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl. 111. The radiation monitoring device of claim 107 wherein said diacetylene is selected from a derivative of one of 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-diol, 3,5-octadiyn-1,8-diol, 4,6-decadiyn-1,10-diol, 5,7-dodecadiyn-1,12-diol; acid, urethane, ester, ether, amine or amide derivative of 2,4-hexadiyne, 3,5-octadiyne, 4,6-decadiyne or 5,7-dodecadiyne; methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl urethane derivative of 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-diol, 3,5-octadiyn-1,8-diol, 4,6-decadiyn-1,10-diol, 5,7-dodecadiyn-1,12-diol, 4,6-decadiyn-1,10-bis(butyl urethane), 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-bis(hexyl urethane) or 5,7-dodecadiyn-1,12-bis(butoxycarbonyl methyl urethane); urethane derivatives of 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-diol, or ester derivatives of 2,4-hexadiyn-1,6-diol. 112. The radiation monitoring device of claim 105 wherein said device comprises a well and said radiation sensitive material is in said well. 113. The radiation monitoring device of claim 105 wherein further comprising foldable holder. 114. The radiation monitoring device of claim 105 further comprising a converter. 115. The radiation monitoring device of claim 105 wherein said detectable color change is readable by an electronic instrument. 116. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate with a thickness from 1 to 10,000 μm; at least one imaging layer comprising a diacetylene material selected from tricosa-10,12-diynoic acid, pentacosa-10,12-diynoic acid, their ester, amide, organic and inorganic salt, or mixtures thereof having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation; wherein said device is 0.5 mm to 1 meter wide and 1 mm to 1 meter long. 117. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one radiation sensitive material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; at least one reference chart comprising at least two colors corresponding to said detectable color change at at least two predetermined levels of ionizing radiation; at least one opaque protective layer; and wherein said radiation sensitive material is selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound. 118. The radiation monitoring device of claim 117 comprising a personal and area dosimeter capable of determining a dose below 100 rads. 119. The radiation monitoring device of claim 118 comprising a personal and area dosimeter capable of determining a dose below 1000 rads. 120. The radiation monitoring device of claim 117 capable of monitoring at least two different dose ranges. 121. The radiation monitoring device of claim 120 wherein one dose range of said dose ranges is less than 100 rads. 122. The radiation monitoring device of claim 120 wherein one dose range of said dose ranges is less than 1000 rads. 123. The radiation monitoring device of claim 117 wherein said radiation sensitive material is non-responsive to moisture, ambient temperature and UV irradiation applied to said protective cover. 124. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one radiation sensitive material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation; at least one opaque protective layer; capable of monitoring at least two different dose ranges wherein one dose range of said dose ranges is less than 1,000 rads wherein said dose range is indicated by a color selected from blue and green; and wherein said radiation sensitive material is selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound. 125. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one radiation sensitive material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation; at least one opaque protective layer; wherein said device is capable of monitoring at least two different dose ranges wherein one dose range of said dose ranges is less than 1,000 rads wherein said dose range is indicated by a color selected from red, purple and violet; and wherein said radiation sensitive material is selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound. 126. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one radiation sensitive material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation; at least one opaque protective layer wherein said device comprises a well and said radiation sensitive material is in said well; and wherein said radiation sensitive material is selected from the group consisting of a diacetylene, a mixture of radiochromic dye, a pH sensitive dye and an acid producing compound. 127. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one indicator for monitoring at least one environmental parameter. 128. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 further wherein said indicator is a tampering indicator. 129. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said indicator is a false positive indicator. 130. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said indicator is a temperature indicator. 131. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said indicator is a time indicator. 132. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said indicator is a time-temperature indicator, a shelf life indicator or a shelf life expiration indicator. 133. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said indicator is an indicator for inactivation of said device. 134. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said indicator is an archiving indicator. 135. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said indicator is a UV indicator. 136. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said device is attached to a user, clothing or equipment. 137. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said indicator is a color changing or color developing indicator. 138. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 further comprising a color reference chart with colors correlated to a color change of said indicator. 139. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said indicator contains at least one diacetylene. 140. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said imaging layer has a color reference chart with colors correlated to a color of said radiochromic material at a predetermined dose. 141. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said radiochromic material comprises a diacetylene or a radiochromic dye. 142. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said radiochromic material comprises a radiochromic dye and a halogen compound. 143. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 further comprising at least one opaque layer. 144. The radiation monitoring device of claim 143 wherein said opaque layer is below said imaging layer. 145. The radiation monitoring device of claim 143 wherein said imaging layer is below said opaque layer. 146. The radiation monitoring device of claim 143 further comprising an opaque layer above and below said imaging layer. 147. The radiation monitoring device of claim 143 wherein said opaque layer is a metal layer. 148. The radiation monitoring device of claim 143 wherein said opaque layer comprises aluminum. 149. The radiation monitoring device of claim 143 wherein said opaque layer comprises polyester. 150. The radiation monitoring device of claim 143 wherein said opaque layer comprises a pigment. 151. The radiation monitoring device of claim 150 wherein said pigment is black. 152. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 further comprising at least adhesive layer. 153. The radiation monitoring device of claim 152 wherein said adhesive layer comprises a polymeric adhesive. 154. The radiation monitoring device of claim 152 wherein said adhesive layer comprise a pressure sensitive adhesive. 155. The radiation monitoring device of claim 152 wherein said adhesive layer comprises a hot melt adhesive. 156. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said radiochromic material is a diacetylene. 157. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 further comprising a holder comprising a pocket for receiving said radiation monitoring device. 158. The radiation monitoring device of claim 157 wherein said pocket is black. 159. The radiation monitoring device of claim 157 wherein said pocket is flexible. 160. The radiation monitoring device of claim 157 wherein said pocket is foldable. 161. The radiation monitoring device of claim 157 wherein said pocket is opaque. 162. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said detectable color change occurs at an exposure selected from at least one of ≦5 rads, ≦10 rads, ≦25 rads, ≦100 rads, ≦200 rads, ≦500 rads, ≦1,000 rads, ≦10,000 rads, ≦25,000 rads, ≦100,000 rads, ≦200,000 rads, ≦500,000 rads, ≦1,000,000 rads, and ≦10,000,000 rads. 163. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 further comprising a reader for determining said detectable color change. 164. The radiation monitoring device of claim 127 wherein said radiochromic material comprises a diacetylene with a melting point higher than 100° C. 165. A radiation monitoring device comprising: a substrate; at least one imaging layer comprising a radiochromic material having capability of developing detectable color change when exposed to ionizing radiation having energy higher than 5 eV; a binder; a protective layer; and at least one reference chart comprising at least one color corresponding to said detectable color change at a predetermined level of ionizing radiation-wherein said substrate comprises at least one material chosen from the group consisting of polycarbonates, polystyrenes, polyolefin, polyacrylate, polyvinyl derivative, polyester derivative, polyvinylchloride, cellulose derivative, polyurethane, polyethylene terephthalate, silicone resin, siloxane resin, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, epoxy resin and copolymers thereof and wherein said radiochromic material is a diacetylene.