초록 ▼

A fluid bed reactor is configured to process a reactive material to form one or more products. The reactor includes a reaction vessel defining a compartment configured to receive the reactive material. A first cluster of heating conduits at least partially occupies the compartment and extends over

A fluid bed reactor is configured to process a reactive material to form one or more products. The reactor includes a reaction vessel defining a compartment configured to receive the reactive material. A first cluster of heating conduits at least partially occupies the compartment and extends over a first vertical extent within the compartment. A second cluster of heating conduits partially occupies the compartment and extends over a second vertical extent within the compartment. The first cluster of heating conduits is vertically below the second cluster of heating conduits and spaced apart therefrom by a first separation distance. Feedstock inlets are configured to introduce the reactive material into a region that is vertically between the first and second clusters of heating conduits. The heating conduits in the first cluster have a first thickness while the heating conduits in the second cluster have a second thickness. The first separation distance is at least as great as the smaller of the first and second thicknesses.

대표청구항 ▼

What is claimed is: 1. A method of converting a carbonaceous material into a product gas, the method comprising: providing a fluid bed reformer comprising: a reaction vessel defining a compartment suitable for receiving carbonaceous material; a first cluster of heating conduits at least partially o

What is claimed is: 1. A method of converting a carbonaceous material into a product gas, the method comprising: providing a fluid bed reformer comprising: a reaction vessel defining a compartment suitable for receiving carbonaceous material; a first cluster of heating conduits at least partially occupying said compartment and extending over a first vertical extent within the compartment, each heating conduit in the first cluster configured to transfer heat from a heat source to the compartment, the heating conduits in the first cluster having a first thickness; and a second cluster of beating conduits at least partially occupying said compartment and extending over a second vertical extent within the compartment, each heating conduit in the second cluster configured to transfer heat from a heat source to the compartment, the heating conduits in the second cluster having a second thickness, the second cluster of heating conduits being positioned vertically above the first cluster of heating conduits and spaced apart therefrom by a first separation distance, the first separation distance being at least as large as the smaller of the first and second thicknesses, the first separation distance defining a zone in the reaction vessel between the first cluster and second cluster that is configured to be conducive to good solids circulation; introducing a fluidization medium into the compartment; introducing carbonaceous material into the compartment in a region that is vertically between the first and second clusters of heating conduits; and controlling a reaction in the reaction vessel such that at least a portion of the carbonaceous material is converted into a product gas in a fluidized bed. 2. The method according to claim 1, comprising: providing the reaction vessel with pulse heaters, the heating conduits being associated with the pulse heaters; and wherein: controlling a reaction in the reaction vessel comprises controlling operation of pulse heaters. 3. The method according to claim 1, comprising operating the reaction vessel in a turbulent fluidization regime. 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the fluidization medium is one from the group consisting of steam, air, enriched air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, recycle product gas, and mixtures thereof. 5. A method of thermochemically or biochemically processing a reactive material to form a product, the method comprising: providing a fluid bed reactor comprising: a reaction vessel defining a compartment suitable for receiving a reactive material; a first cluster of heating conduits at least partially occupying said compartment and extending over a first vertical extent within the compartment, each heating conduit in the first cluster configured to transfer heat from a heat source to the compartment, the heating conduits in the first cluster having a first thickness; and a second cluster of heating conduits at least partially occupying said compartment and extending over a second vertical extent within the compartment, each heating conduit in the second cluster configured to transfer heat from a heat source to the compartment, the heating conduits in the second cluster having a second thickness, the second cluster of heating conduits being positioned vertically above the first cluster of heating conduits and spaced apart therefrom by a first separation distance, the first separation distance being at least as large as the smaller of the first and second thicknesses, the first separation distance defining a zone in the reaction vessel between the first cluster and second cluster that is configured to be conducive to good solids circulation; introducing a fluidization medium into the compartment; introducing reactive material into the compartment in a region that is vertically between the first and second clusters of heating conduits; heating contents of the compartment via the heating conduits; and controlling a reaction in the reaction vessel such that at least a portion of the reactive material is converted into one or more products in a fluidized bed. 6. The method according to claim 5, comprising: providing the reaction vessel with pulse heaters, the heating conduits being associated with the pulse heaters; and wherein: controlling a reaction in the reaction vessel comprises controlling operation of pulse heaters. 7. The method according to claim 5, comprising operating the reaction vessel in a turbulent fluidization regime. 8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the fluidization medium is one from the group consisting of steam, air, enriched air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, recycle product gas, and mixtures thereof. 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein, in the fluid bed reactor, the first separation distance is at least as large as the smaller of the first and second vertical extents. 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein, in the fluid bed reactor, the first separation distance is at least twice as large as the smaller of the first and second vertical extents. 11. The method according to claim 5, wherein, in the fluid bed reactor, the first separation distance is at least as large as the smaller of the first and second vertical extents. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein, in the fluid bed reactor, the first separation distance is at least twice as large as the smaller of the first and second vertical extents.