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Briefly described, compositions, materials including the compositions, methods of using the compositions, and methods of degrading contaminants, are described herein. The composition can include a polyoxometalate/ cationic silica material. In addition, the compositions can be made of a polyoxometala

Briefly described, compositions, materials including the compositions, methods of using the compositions, and methods of degrading contaminants, are described herein. The composition can include a polyoxometalate/ cationic silica material. In addition, the compositions can be made of a polyoxometalate/cationic silica material, a copper (II) salt having a weakly bound anion, and a nitrate salts. Further, the compositions can be made of a polyoxometalate/cationic silica material, a copper (II) salt having a weakly bound anion, a compound selected from tetraethylammonium (TEA) nitrate, tetra-n-butylammonium (TBA) nitrate, and combinations thereof.

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Therefore, having thus described the invention, at least the following is claimed: 1. A composition for degrading a contaminant, comprising: a polyoxometalate(POM)/cationic silica material. 2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising: a copper (II) salt having a weakly bound anion; and a t

Therefore, having thus described the invention, at least the following is claimed: 1. A composition for degrading a contaminant, comprising: a polyoxometalate(POM)/cationic silica material. 2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising: a copper (II) salt having a weakly bound anion; and a transition metal nitrate. 3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the transition metal nitrate is immobilized on anionic silica. 4. The composition of claim 2, wherein the copper (II) salt having a weakly bound anion is selected from the group consisting of: copper (II) perchlorate, copper (II) triflate, copper (II) tetrafluoroborate, and a combination thereof. 5. The composition of claim 2, wherein the transition metal nitrate is selected from the group consisting of: iron (III) nitrate, cobalt (II) nitrate, nickel (II) nitrate, and copper (II) nitrate. 6. The composition of claim 2, wherein the POM/cationic silica material is selected from the group consisting of: Na4 PV2Mo10O405−/(Si/AlO2), K6[Fe3PW9O37]6−/(Si/AlO2), and K8[(FeIII(OH2)2)3(A-α-PW9O34)2]9−/(Si/AlO2); wherein the copper (II) salt having a weakly bound anion is Cu(OTf)2; and wherein the transition metal nitrate is Cu(NO3)2. 7. The composition of claim 1, further comprising: a copper (II) salt having a weakly bound anion; and a soluble nitrate salt. 8. The composition of claim 7, wherein the copper (II) salt having a weakly bound anion is selected from the group consisting of: copper (II) perchlorate, copper (II) triflate, copper (II) tetrafluoroborate, and a combination thereof. 9. The composition of claim 7, wherein the transition metal nitrate is selected from the group consisting of: iron (III) nitrate, cobalt (II) nitrate, nickel (II) nitrate, and copper (II) nitrate. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM comprises a POM having the formula of A[VkMomWnNboTapMqXrOs] bound to cationic silica; wherein A is at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal cations, an alkaline earth metal cations, an ammonium cations, a quaternary ammonium cations, a d-block cations, a f-block cations, and a combinations thereof; wherein M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: a d-block elements having at least one d-electron and f-block elements having at least one f-electron, except for vanadium, molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, or tantalum; wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: a p-block elements, d-block elements, and a f-block elements, except for oxygen; wherein k can range from 0 to 30; wherein m can range from 0 to 160; wherein n can range from 0 to 160; wherein o can range from 0 to 30; wherein p can range from 0 to 10; wherein q can range from 0 to 30; wherein r can range from 0 to 30; wherein s is sufficiently large that the negative charge on the POM unit, [VkMomWnNboTapMqXrOs], is greater than zero; wherein the sum of k, m, n, o, and p is greater than or equal to four; wherein the sum of k, m, and q is greater than zero; and wherein A is at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal cations, alkaline earth metal cations, an ammonium cations, a quaternary ammonium cations, d-block cations, f-block cations, and a combinations thereof. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM comprises, a POM having the formula [Xg+VbMh+cZ12-b-cO40]u−[A], wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: p-block elements, a d-block elements, and a f-block elements; wherein g+ is the charge of X; wherein M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: a d-block elements having at least one d-electron and f-block elements having at least one f-electron; wherein M is not vanadium; wherein h+ is the charge of M; wherein Z is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and combinations thereof; wherein b is from 0 to 6; wherein c is from 0 to 6; wherein the sum of b and c is greater than or equal to one; wherein u is greater than 3; and wherein A is at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of: alkali metal cations, an alkaline earth metal cations, an ammonium cations, a quaternary ammonium cations, a d-block cations, a f-block cations, and a combinations thereof. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM comprises, a POM having the formula [Xg+VbZ12-bO40]u−[A]; wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: phosphorus, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, and iron; wherein g+ is the charge of X; wherein Z is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and a combination thereof; wherein b is from 1 to 6; wherein u is greater than 3; and wherein A is at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal cations, an alkaline earth metal cations, an ammonium cations, a quaternary ammonium cations, a d-block cations, a f-block cations, and a combinations thereof. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM comprises, a POM having the formula [Xg+Mh+cZ12-cO40]u−[A]; wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: phosphorus, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt and iron; wherein g+ is the charge of X; wherein Z is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and a combination thereof; wherein M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: a d-block element having at least one d-electron and f-block element having at least one f-electron; wherein c is from 1 to 6; wherein u is greater than 3; and wherein A is at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, an ammonium cation, a quaternary ammonium cation, a d-block cation, a f-block cation and a combination thereof. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM comprises, a POM having the formula [Xi+2VuMj+vZ18-u-vO62]w−[A]; wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: a p-block elements, a d-block elements, and a f-block elements; wherein i+ is the charge of X; wherein M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: a d-block elements having at least one d-electron and f-block elements having at least one f-electron; wherein M is not vanadium; wherein j+ is the charge of M; wherein Z is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and a combinations thereof; wherein u is from 0 to 9; wherein v is from 0 to 9; wherein the sum of u and v is greater than or equal to one; wherein w is greater than or equal to 4; and wherein A is at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cations, ammonium cation, quaternary ammonium cation, a d-block cation, a f-block cation, and combination thereof. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM has the formula [Xi+2VuZ18·uO62]w−[A]wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, and iron; wherein Z is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and a combination thereof; wherein i+ is the charge of X; wherein u is from 1 to 9; wherein w is greater than or equal to 4, and wherein A is at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, an ammonium cation, a quaternary ammonium cation, a d-block cation, a f-block cation, and a combination thereof. 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM has the formula [Xi+2Mj+vZ18-vO62]w−[A], wherein X is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, aluminum, boron, zinc, cobalt, and iron; wherein i+ is the charge of X; wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of: tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, and a combination thereof; wherein M is at least one a d-block element having at least one d-electron or f-block element having at least one f-electron; wherein v is from 1to 9; wherein w is greater than or equal to 4, and wherein A is at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, an ammonium cation, a quaternary ammonium cation, a d-block cation, a f-block cation, and a combination thereof. 17. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM has the formula [YVxZ12-xO40][A], wherein Y is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: phosphorus, silicon, and aluminum; wherein Z is at least one element selected from the group consisting of: tungsten and molybdenum; wherein x is from 1 to 6, and wherein A is at least one counterion selected from the group consisting of: an alkali metal cation, an alkaline earth metal cation, an ammonium cation, a quaternary ammonium cation, a d-block cation, a f-block cation, and a combination thereof. 18. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM comprises iron. 19. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic silica material comprises a metal oxide coated silica. 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein the metal of the metal oxide is chosen from the group consisting of: zirconium, aluminum, iron, copper, titanium, magnesium, cerium, and chromium. 21. The composition of claim 1, wherein the cationic silica material comprises a nonmetal oxide coated silica. 22. The composition of claim 1, wherein the POM/cationic silica material is selected from the group consisting of: K8[(FeIII(OH2)2)3(A-PW9O34)2]9−/(Si/AlO2); Na4PV2Mo10O405−/(Si/AlO2); Na5V10O286−/(Si/AlO2); K11[Fe(OH2)2Fe2(P2W15O56)2]12−/(Si/AlO2); and K8[(FeIII3)(A-PW9O34)2]9−/(Si/AlO2). 23. A material for degrading a contaminant, comprising: a material selected from the group consisting of: topical carriers, coatings, powders, and fabrics, wherein the material includes a composition selected from the group consisting of: the composition of claim 1, the composition of claim 2, the composition of claim 3, and or the composition of claim 4. 24. The material of claim 23, wherein the topical carriers are selected from the group consisting of: lotions, creams, ointments, gels, barrier creams, topical skin protectants, and combinations thereof. 25. The material of claim 23, wherein the fabric includes fibers selected from the group consisting of: polyamide fibers, cellulosic fibers, cotton fibers, polyacrylic fibers, polyacrylonitrile fibers, polyester fibers, polyvinylidine fibers, polyolefin fibers, polyurethane fibers, polyurea fibers, polytetrafluoroethylene fibers, carbon cloth fibers, and a combination thereof. 26. A method of degrading a contaminant, comprising: providing the material of claim 23; contacting the material with the contaminant in the presence of an oxidizer; and degrading the contaminant through a reaction of the contaminant, the composition, and the oxidizer. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein degrading includes: degrading the contaminant catalytically. 28. The method of claim 26, wherein degrading includes: degrading the contaminant by aerobically oxidizing the contaminant. 29. The method of claim 26, wherein the contaminant is selected from the group consisting of: chemical warfare agents, biological warfare agents, and a combination thereof. 30. The method of claim 26, wherein the contaminant is selected from the group consisting of: aldehydes, aliphatic nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, aliphatic oxygenated compounds, halogenated compounds, organophosphate compounds, phosphonothionate compounds, phosphorothionate compounds, arsenic compounds, chloroethyl compounds, phosgene, cyanic compounds, and a combination thereof. 31. The method of claim 26, wherein the contaminant is selected from the group consisting of: acetaldehyde, methyl mercaptan, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, diethyl sulfide, diethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, trimethylamine, styrene, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, n-valeric acid, iso-valeric acid, pyridine, formaldehyde, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, carbon monoxide, and a combination thereof.