최소 단어 이상 선택하여야 합니다.
최대 10 단어까지만 선택 가능합니다.
다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
NTIS 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
DataON 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Edison 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | UP-0744580 (2003-12-22) |
등록번호 | US-7682565 (2010-04-21) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 40 인용 특허 : 248 |
A system for holding at least one of sample and reagent for analysis. The system includes a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom. A frame is disposed between the covers t
A system for holding at least one of sample and reagent for analysis. The system includes a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom. A frame is disposed between the covers to define, in relation to the covers, an interior volume. The frame and the covers are associated with one another to form a case, the case being substantially tight to liquids. A microfluidic array is disposed in the interior volume. The array includes a sheet of material having a pair of opposed surfaces, a thickness, and a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces, the through-holes containing at least one of sample and reagent.
What is claimed is: 1. A system for holding at least one of sample and reagent for analysis, the system comprising: a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom; a frame dispo
What is claimed is: 1. A system for holding at least one of sample and reagent for analysis, the system comprising: a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom; a frame disposed between the covers to define, in relation to the covers, an interior volume, the frame and the covers associated with one another to form a case, the case being substantially tight to liquids; and a microfluidic array disposed in the interior volume, the array including a sheet of material having a pair of opposed surfaces, a thickness, and a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces, the through-holes containing at least one of sample and reagent, wherein one or more positioning guide rails are affixed to at least one of (i) the frame and (ii) at least one of the covers. 2. The system according to claim 1, further comprising: spacer means for providing space between at least one of the covers and at least a portion of the array. 3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the spacer means includes a plurality of beads affixed to at least one of (i) the array and (ii) at least one of the covers. 4. The system according to claim 1, wherein the array includes a recess at an opening of each of through-holes, the recess preventing fluid in each through-hole from coming into contact with a cover to which each such throughhole is proximate. 5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the dimensions of the case are approximately 25×75×<2 mm, so that it has the approximate size and shape of a microscope slide. 6. The system according to claim 2, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of less than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 7. The system according to claim 2, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of greater than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 8. The system according to claim 1, further comprising: an encapsulation fluid received within the case, which reduces interactions between contents of distinct through-holes. 9. The system according to claim 8, wherein the encapsulation fluid is a liquid at room temperature, having a specific gravity greater than 1, and is substantially insoluble in water. 10. The system according to claim 8, wherein the encapsulation fluid is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, silicon oil, and a fluorinated hydrocarbon. 11. The system according to claim 8, wherein the encapsulation fluid is a sparged encapsulation fluid. 12. The system according to claim 8, wherein the encapsulation fluid includes at least one of an osmolyte, polymer, and an amino acid. 13. The system according to claim 1, wherein the frame includes walls defining a hole, the hole filled with a self-sealing material. 14. The system according to claim 13, wherein the frame includes a gasket that can be penetrated by a syringe. 15. The system according to claim 13, wherein the self-sealing material is a grease. 16. The system according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the array and the case includes an identifier. 17. The system according to claim 16, wherein the identifier is a barcode. 18. The system according to claim 1, wherein the frame and the covers are coupled together to form the case by at least one of an epoxy, an adhesive gasket, and a compression gasket. 19. The system according to claim 1, wherein the at least one cover of which is light transmissive is coated with a hydrophilic layer to prevent fogging. 20. The system according to claim 2, wherein the spacer means includes a post protruding from at least one of the array and at least one cover. 21. A system for holding at least one of sample and reagent for analysis, the system comprising: a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom; a frame disposed between the covers to define, in relation to the covers, an interior volume, the frame and the covers associated with one another to form a case, the case having a sealable opening, such opening when sealed rendering the case substantially tight to liquids, wherein one or more positioning guide rails are affixed to at least one of (i) the frame and (ii) at least one of the covers; a microfluidic array, disposed in the interior volume and removable via the opening, the array including a sheet of material having a pair of opposed surfaces, a thickness, and a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces, the through-holes containing at least one of sample and reagent. 22. The system according to claim 21, further comprising: spacer means for providing space between at least one of the covers and at least a portion of the array. 23. The system according to claim 22, wherein the spacer means includes a plurality of beads affixed to one of (i) the array and (ii) at least one of the covers. 24. The system according to claim 21, wherein the array includes a recess at an opening of each of through-holes, the recess preventing fluid in each through-hole from coming into contact with a cover to which each such through-hole is proximate. 25. The system according to claim 21, wherein the dimensions of the case are approximately 25×76×<2 mm, so that it has the approximate size and shape of a microscope slide. 26. The system according to claim 22, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of less than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 27. The system according to claim 22, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of greater than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 28. The system according to claim 21, further comprising: one of a UV curable sealant and a grease for sealing the opening. 29. The system according to claim 21, wherein the frame includes walls defining a hole, the hole filled with a self-sealing material. 30. The system according to claim 29, wherein the frame is includes a gasket that can be penetrated by a syringe. 31. The system according to claim 29, wherein the self-sealing material is a grease. 32. The system according to claim 21, wherein the frame and the covers are coupled together to form the case by at least one of an epoxy, an adhesive gasket, and a compression gasket. 33. The system according to claim 21, further comprising a funnel guide coupled to the case, the array capable of being inserted into the case by passing the array through the funnel guide and the opening. 34. The system according to claim 33, wherein the funnel guide is removably attached to the case. 35. The system according to claim 33, wherein the funnel guide includes walls defining a slit, the array capable of being passed through the slit. 36. The system according to claim 35, wherein the slit is substantially fluid-tight. 37. The system according to claim 35, wherein the walls defining the slit are capable of being deformed to allow the array to pass through the slit. 38. The system according to claim 37, wherein the walls defining the slit are made of plastic. 39. The system according to claim 35, wherein the slit is capable of being opened and closed. 40. The system according to claim 33, wherein the funnel guide includes brushes for spreading of the at least one of sample and reagent. 41. The system according to claim 21, wherein the at least one cover of which is light transmissive is coated with a hydrophilic layer to prevent fogging. 42. The system according to claim 21, wherein at least one of the frame and the covers includes a hydrophilic strip for promoting spreading of sample during array loading. 43. The system according to claim 21, wherein at least one of the array and the case includes an identifier. 44. The system according to claim 42, wherein the identifier is a barcode. 45. The system according to claim 22, wherein the spacer means includes a post protruding from at least one of the array and at least one cover. 46. A method of conducting an assay on a plurality of samples, the method comprising: providing a microfluidic array, the array including a sheet of material having a pair of opposed surfaces, a thickness, and a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces, each of the through-holes containing one of the samples and at least one reagent providing an optical effect for assay purposes; placing the array in a case, the case including a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom; a frame disposed between the covers to define, in relation to the covers, an interior volume for receiving the array; and one or more guide rails affixed to at least one of the (i) frame and (ii) at least one of the covers; wherein the case is substantially tight to liquids; permitting in each of the through-holes the corresponding sample to react with the at least one reagent therein; obtaining a measurement, through the top cover, for each through-hole, of the optical effect associated therewith and using the measurement to provide assay results for the corresponding sample therein. 47. The method according to claim 46, wherein placing the array in the case further includes placing an encapsulation fluid, which reduces interactions between contents of distinct through-holes, in the interior volume. 48. The method according to claim 46, wherein the case further includes: spacer means for providing space between at least one of the covers and at least a portion of the array. 49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the spacer means includes a plurality of beads affixed to one of (i) the array and (ii) at least one of the covers. 50. The method according to claim 46, wherein the array includes a recess at an opening of each of through-holes, the recess preventing fluid in each through-hole from coming into contact with a cover to which each such through-hole is proximate. 51. The method according to claim 46, wherein the dimensions of the case are approximately 25×75×<2 mm, so that it has the approximate size and shape of a microscope slide. 52. The method according to claim 46, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of less than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 53. The method according to claim 46, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of greater than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 54. The method according to claim 46, wherein the at least one reagent permits effectuation of a POR assay. 55. The method according to claim 46, wherein the PCR assay is a QPCR assay. 56. The method according to claim 46, wherein the at least one reagent permits effectuation of an ELISA assay. 57. The method according to claim 46, wherein permitting in each of the through-holes the corresponding sample to react with the at least one reagent therein includes placing the case on a thermal cycler. 58. The method according to claim 47, wherein the encapsulation fluid is a liquid having a specific gravity greater than 1, the method further comprising: providing at least one vessel holding (i) the encapsulation fluid as a lower layer therein and (ii) at least one of the samples as an upper layer therein; and immersing the array in the at least one vessel, so that through-holes are exposed to the at least one of the samples before coming into contact with encapsulation fluid. 59. The method according to claim 58, wherein the at least one vessel includes materials that are used to form the case. 60. The method according to claim 58, wherein the at least one vessel includes a funnel guide that holds at least one of the samples as the upper layer therein. 61. The method according to claim 60, wherein the funnel guide includes walls defining a slit, the array capable of being passed through the slit. 62. The method according to claim 61, wherein the slit is substantially fluid-tight. 63. The method according to claim 61, wherein the walls defining the slit are capable of being deformed to allow the array to pass through the slit. 64. The method according to claim 63, wherein the walls defining the slit are made of plastic. 65. The method according to claim 61, wherein the slit is capable of being opened and closed. 66. The method according to claim 57, further comprising at least one of agitating the array in the at least one vessel, so that the through-holes are exposed to the at least one sample. 67. The method according to claim 66, wherein agitating the array includes spinning the at least one vessel. 68. The method according to claim 47, further comprising: providing at least one vessel holding the encapsulation fluid and at least one of the samples; immersing the array in the at least one vessel; and agitating the array in the at least one vessel, so that through-holes are exposed to the at least one of the samples. 69. The method according to claim 68, wherein the at least one vessel includes materials that are used to form the case. 70. The method according to claim 47, further comprising: sparging the encapsulated fluid to remove air from the encapsulation fluid. 71. The method according to claim 70, wherein sparging includes passing one of hydrogen and helium through the encapsulation fluid. 72. The method according to claim 47, further comprising adding at least one of an osmolyte, polymer, and an amino acid to the encapsulated fluid. 73. The method according to claim 47, further comprising adding at least one of an osmolyte, polymer, and an amino acid to the at least one of the sample and reagent. 74. The method according to claim 47, further comprising barcoding the microfluidic array. 75. The method according to claim 47, further comprising coating the at least one cover of which is light transmissive with a hydrophilic layer to prevent fogging. 76. The method according to claim 48, wherein the spacer means includes a post protruding from at least one of the array and at least one cover. 77. A system for conducting an assay on a plurality of samples, the system comprising: a case having a fluid-tight cavity defining an interior volume, the case comprising: a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom; and a frame disposed between the covers to define, in relation to the covers, an interior volume, the frame and the covers associated with one another; wherein one or more positioning guide rails are affixed to at least one of (i) the frame and (ii) at least one of the covers; a microfluidic array disposed in the interior volume, the array including a sheet of material having a pair of opposed surfaces, a thickness, and a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces, the through-holes containing at least one of a sample and a reagent; and a thermal cycler adapted to thermally contact the case; wherein one or more positioning guide rails are affixed to at least one of (i) the frame and (ii) at least one of the covers: a microfluidic array disposed in the interior volume, the array including a sheet of material having a pair of opposed surfaces, a thickness, and a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces, the through-holes containing at least one of a sample and a reagent; and a thermal cycler adapted to thermally contact the case. 78. The system according to claim 77, wherein the thermal cycler is a flat block having at least one thermally controlled surface. 79. The system according to claim 78, wherein the thermal cycling flat block is a Peltier device. 80. The system according to claim 78, further comprising a heat transfer pad positioned between the case and the surface. 81. The system according to claim 77, wherein the thermal cycler includes a fluid delivery module for delivering a flow of controlled-temperature fluid over the case. 82. The system according to claim 77, further comprising an illumination source capable of illuminating each of the through-holes simultaneously. 83. The system according to claim 82, wherein the illumination source includes at least one color LCD. 84. The system according to claim 77, further comprising a processor for processing the imaging data. 85. The system according to claim 77, further comprising: an encapsulation fluid, which reduces interactions between contents of distinct through-holes, disposed in the interior volume. 86. A system for holding at least one of sample and reagent for analysis, the system comprising: a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom; a frame disposed between the covers to define, in relation to the covers, an interior volume, the frame and the covers associated with one another to form a case, the case having a sealable opening, such opening when sealed rendering the case substantially tight to liquids; and a microfluidic array, disposed in the interior volume and removable via the opening, the array including a sheet of material having a plurality of sample sites, the sample sites containing at least one of sample and reagent; wherein one or more positioning guide rails are affixed to at least one of (i) the frame and (ii) at least one of the covers. 87. The system according to claim 86, wherein the array includes a hydrophobic surface surrounding the openings of each sample site. 88. The system according to claim 86, wherein the sample sites include a hydrophilic surface that attracts the at least one of sample and reagent. 89. The system according to claim 86 wherein the sheet has a pair of opposed surfaces and a thickness, and wherein the sample sites include a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces. 90. The system according to claim 86, wherein the sample sites include a plurality of closed-ended wells. 91. The system according to claim 86, wherein the at least one cover of which is light transmissive is coated with a hydrophobic layer to prevent fogging. 92. The system according to claim 86, further comprising: spacer means for providing space between at least one of the covers and at least a portion of the array. 93. The system according to claim 92, wherein the spacer means includes a plurality of beads affixed to one of (i) the array and (ii) at least one of the covers. 94. The system according to claim 92, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of less than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 95. The system according to claim 92, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of greater than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 96. The system according to claim 86, wherein the array includes a recessed opening at each sample site, the recess preventing fluid in each sample site from coming into contact with a cover to which each such sample site is proximate. 97. The system according to claim 86, wherein the dimensions of the case are approximately 25×76×<2 mm, so that it has the approximate size and shape of a microscope slide. 98. The system according to claim 86, further comprising: one of a UV curable sealant and a grease for sealing the opening. 99. The system according to claim 86, wherein the frame and the covers are coupled together to form the case by at least one of an epoxy, an adhesive gasket, and a compression gasket 100. The system according to claim 86, wherein the frame includes walls defining a hole, the hole filled with a self-sealing material. 101. The system according to claim 100, wherein the frame is a gasket that can be penetrated by a syringe. 102. The system according to claim 100, wherein the self-sealing material is a grease. 103. The system according to claim 86, further comprising a funnel guide coupled to the case, the array capable of being inserted into the case by passing the array through the funnel guide and the opening. 104. The system according to claim 103, wherein the funnel guide is removably attached to the case. 105. The system according to claim 103, wherein the funnel guide includes walls defining a slit, the array capable of being passed through the slit. 106. The system according to claim 105, wherein liquid is substantially prevented from passing through the slit in the absence of the array due to, at least in part, surface energy. 107. The system according to claim 105, wherein the walls defining the slit are capable of being deformed to allow the array to pass through the slit. 108. The system according to claim 107, wherein the walls defining the slit are made of plastic. 109. The system according to claim 105, wherein the slit is capable of being opened and closed. 110. The system according to claim 103, wherein the funnel guide includes brushes for spreading of the at least one of sample and reagent. 111. The system according to claim 86, wherein at least one of the frame and the covers includes a hydrophilic strip for promoting spreading of sample during array loading. 112. The system according to claim 86, wherein at least one of the array and the case includes an identifier. 113. The system according to claim 112, wherein the identifier is a barcode. 114. The system according to claim 86, wherein the frame and the covers are coupled together to form the case by at least one of an epoxy, an adhesive gasket, and a compression gasket. 115. The system according to claim 86, wherein the at least one cover of which is light transmissive is coated with a hydrophilic layer to prevent fogging. 116. A system for holding at least one of sample and reagent for analysis, the system comprising: a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom; a frame disposed between the covers to define, in relation to the covers, an interior volume, the frame and the covers associated with one another to form a case, the case having a sealable opening, such opening when sealed rendering the case substantially tight to liquids; a UV curable sealant for sealing the sealable opening; and a microfluidic array disposed in the interior volume, the array including a sheet of material having a pair of opposed surfaces, a thickness, and a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces, the through-holes containing at least one of sample and reagent, wherein one or more rositioning guide rails are affixed to at least one of (i) the frame and (ii) at least one of the covers. 117. The system according to claim 116, further comprising: spacer means for providing space between at least one of the covers and at least a portion of the array. 118. The system according to claim 117, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of less than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 119. The system according to claim 117, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of greater than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 120. The system according to claim 116, wherein the array includes a recess at an opening of each of through-holes, the recess preventing fluid in each through-hole from coming into contact with a cover to which each such throughhole is proximate. 121. The system according to claim 116, wherein the dimensions of the case are approximately 25×75×<2 mm, so that it has the approximate size and shape of a microscope slide. 122. The system according to claim 116, further comprising: an encapsulation fluid received within the case, which reduces interactions between contents of distinct through-holes, disposed in the interior volume. 123. The system according to claim 122, wherein the encapsulation fluid is a liquid at room temperature, having a specific gravity greater than 1, and is substantially insoluble in water. 124. The system according to claim 122, wherein the encapsulation fluid is selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, silicon oil, and a fluorinated hydrocarbon. 125. The system according to claim 122, wherein the encapsulation fluid is a sparged encapsulation fluid. 126. The system according to claim 122, wherein the encapsulation fluid includes at least one of an osmolyte, polymer, and an amino acid. 127. The system according to claim 116, wherein at least one of the array and the case includes an identifier. 128. The system according to claim 127, wherein the identifier is a barcode. 129. The system according to claim 116, wherein the frame and the covers are coupled together to form the case by at least one of an epoxy, an adhesive gasket, and a compression gasket. 130. The system according to claim 116, wherein the at least one cover of which is light transmissive is coated with a hydrophilic layer to prevent fogging. 131. The system according to claim 116, further comprising a funnel guide coupled to the case, the array capable of being inserted into the case by passing the array through the funnel guide and the opening. 132. The system according to claim 131, wherein the funnel guide is removable attached to the case. 133. The system according to claim 131, wherein the funnel guide includes walls defining a slit, the array capable of being passed through the slit. 134. The system according to claim 133, wherein the slit is substantially fluid-tight. 135. The system according to claim 133, wherein the walls defining the slit are capable of being deformed to allow the array to pass through the slit. 136. The system according to claim 133, wherein the walls defining the slit are made of plastic. 137. The system according to claim 133, wherein the slit is capable of being opened and closed. 138. The system according to claim 131, wherein the funnel guide includes brushes for spreading of the at least one of sample and reagent. 139. The system according to claim 116, wherein at least one of the frame and the covers includes a hydrophilic strip for promoting spreading of sample during array loading. 140. A system for conducting an assay on a plurality of samples, the system comprising: a case having a fluid-tight cavity defining an interior volume, the case comprising: a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom; and a frame disposed between the covers to define, in relation to the covers, an interior volume, the frame and the covers associated with one another; wherein the case has a sealable opening, such opening when sealed rendering the case substantially tight to liquids; a UV curable sealant for sealing the sealable opening; a microfluidic array disposed in the interior volume, the array including a sheet of material having a pair of opposed surfaces, a thickness, and a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces, the through-holes containing at least one of a sample and a reagent; and a thermal cycler adapted to thermally contact the case. 141. The system according to claim 140, wherein the thermal cycler is a flat block having at least one thermally controlled surface. 142. The system according to claim 141, wherein the thermal cycling flat block is a Peltier device. 143. The system according to claim 141, further comprising a heat transfer pad positioned between the case and the surface. 144. The system according to claim 140, wherein the thermal cycler includes a fluid delivery module for delivering a flow of controlled-temperature fluid over the case. 145. The system according to claim 140, further comprising an illumination source capable of illuminating each of the through-holes simultaneously. 146. The system according to claim 145, wherein the illumination source includes at least one color LCD. 147. The system according to claim 146, further comprising an excitation filter for filtering the at least one LCD. 148. The system according to claim 140, further comprising a camera for simultaneously imaging each of the through-holes to provide imaging data. 149. The system according to claim 140, further comprising a processor for processing the imaging data. 150. The system according to claim 149, further comprising: an encapsulation fluid, which reduces interactions between contents of distinct through-holes, disposed in the interior volume. 151. The system according to claim 140, wherein one or more positioning guide rails are affixed to at least one of (i) the frame and (ii) at least one of the covers. 152. A system for holding at least one of sample and reagent for analysis, the system comprising: a pair of parallel covers, at least one of which is light transmissive, of which pair a light transmissive cover forms a top, and of which pair the other forms a bottom; a frame disposed between the covers to define, in relation to the covers, an interior volume, the frame and the covers associated with one another to form a case, the case having a sealable opening, such opening when sealed rendering the case substantially tight to liquids; a UV curable sealant for sealing the sealable opening; and a microfluidic array, disposed in the interior volume and removable via the opening, the array including a sheet of material having a plurality of sample sites, the sample sites containing at least one of sample and reagent, wherein one or more positioning guide rails are affixed to at least one of (i) the frame and (ii) at least one of the covers. 153. The system according to claim 152, wherein the array includes a hydrophobic surface surrounding the openings of each sample site. 154. The system according to claim 152, wherein the sample sites include a hydrophilic surface that attracts the at least one of sample and reagent. 155. The system according to claim 152 wherein the sheet has a pair of opposed surfaces and a thickness, and wherein the sample sites include a plurality of through-holes running through the thickness between the surfaces. 156. The system according to claim 152, wherein the sample sites include a plurality of closed-ended wells. 157. The system according to claim 152, wherein the at least one cover of which is light transmissive is coated with a hydrophobic layer to prevent fogging. 158. The system according to claim 152, further comprising: spacer means for providing space between at least one of the covers and at least a portion of the array. 159. The system according to claim 158, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of less than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 160. The system according to claim 158, wherein the top cover and the spacer means are dimensioned to provide a distance of greater than 0.5 mm from an upper surface of the top cover to a proximate surface of the array. 161. The system according to claim 152, wherein the array includes a recessed opening at each sample site, the recess preventing fluid in each sample site from coming into contact with a cover to which each such sample site is proximate. 162. The system according to claim 152, wherein the dimensions of the case are approximately 25×76<2 mm, so that it has the approximate size and shape of a microscope slide. 163. The system according to claim 152, wherein the frame and the covers are coupled together to form the case by at least one of an epoxy, an adhesive gasket, and a compression gasket. 164. The system according to claim 152, further comprising a funnel guide coupled to the case, the array capable of being inserted into the case by passing the array through the funnel guide and the opening. 165. The system according to claim 164, wherein the funnel guide is removable attached to the case. 166. The system according to claim 164, wherein the funnel guide includes walls defining a slit, the array capable of being passed through the slit. 167. The system according to claim 166, wherein liquid is substantially prevented from passing through the slit in the absence of the array due to, at least in part, surface energy. 168. The system according to claim 166, wherein the walls defining the slit are capable of being deformed to allow the array to pass through the slit. 169. The system according to claim 168, wherein the walls defining the slit are made of plastic. 170. The system according to claim 166, wherein the slit is capable of being opened and closed. 171. The system according to claim 164, wherein the funnel guide includes brushes for spreading of the at least one of sample and reagent. 172. The system according to claim 152, wherein at least one of the frame and the covers includes a hydrophilic strip for promoting spreading of sample during array loading. 173. The system according to claim 152, wherein at least one of the array and the case includes an identifier. 174. The system according to claim 173, wherein the identifier is a barcode. 175. The system according to claim 152, wherein the at least one cover of which is light transmissive is coated with a hydrophilic layer to prevent fogging.
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