A membrane structure is provided. The membrane structure includes a first layer having a plurality of interconnected pores; and a second layer disposed on the first layer. The second layer has a plurality of unconnected pores. Each of the unconnected pores is in fluid communication with at least one
A membrane structure is provided. The membrane structure includes a first layer having a plurality of interconnected pores; and a second layer disposed on the first layer. The second layer has a plurality of unconnected pores. Each of the unconnected pores is in fluid communication with at least one of the interconnected pores of the first layer. A method of making a membrane structure is provided. The method includes the steps of providing a first layer having a plurality of interconnected pores; and disposing a second layer on the first layer. Disposing a second layer includes depositing a conducting layer on the first layer; and anodizing the conducting layer to convert the conducting layer into a porous layer.
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The invention claimed is: 1. A membrane structure comprising: a first layer having a plurality of interconnected pores; and a second layer disposed on the first layer, the second layer comprising an anodized oxide structure having a plurality of unconnected pores; wherein the first layer includes m
The invention claimed is: 1. A membrane structure comprising: a first layer having a plurality of interconnected pores; and a second layer disposed on the first layer, the second layer comprising an anodized oxide structure having a plurality of unconnected pores; wherein the first layer includes more than one sublayer; wherein the sublayer not in contact with the second layer includes a metal; and wherein each of the unconnected pores is in fluid communication with at least one of the interconnected pores of the first layer. 2. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the first layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a ceramic and a polymer. 3. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the first layer has a porosity greater than about 1%. 4. The membrane structure of claim 3, wherein the first layer has a porosity in a range from about 20% to about 70%. 5. The membrane structure of claim 4, wherein the first layer has a porosity in a range from about 30% to about 50%. 6. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises an oxide of a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, titanium, silicon, zirconium, niobium, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, combinations thereof, and alloys thereof. 7. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, and titania. 8. The membrane structure of claim 6, wherein the second layer comprises alumina. 9. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a thickness less than about 10 micrometers. 10. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a thickness in the range from about 10 nanometers to about 500 nanometers. 11. The membrane structure of claim 10, wherein the second layer has a thickness in the range from about 10 nanometers to about 100 nanometers. 12. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a median pore size of less than about 1 micrometer. 13. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the second layer has a median pore size in the range from about 1 nanometer to about 500 nanometers. 14. The membrane structure of claim 13, wherein the second layer has a median pore size in the range from about 1 nanometer to about 40 nanometers. 15. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises a fine pore sublayer disposed on a coarse pore sublayer, the coarse pore sublayer disposed on the first layer. 16. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein at least one of the layers comprises a catalytic material. 17. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein at least one of the layers comprises a functional group. 18. The structure of claim 17, wherein the functional group is at least one selected from the group consisting of an amine, a carboxyl, a mercapto, a carbonyl, a hydroxyl, a vinyl, an alkyl, a benzyl, a fluoroalkyl, and an acryl group. 19. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the metal comprises a transition metal. 20. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the metal comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a platinum group metal, iron, nickel, cobalt, copper, combinations thereof, and alloys thereof. 21. The membrane structure of claim 1, wherein the membrane structure comprises an organic material. 22. The membrane structure of claim 21, wherein the organic material comprises a polymer. 23. The membrane structure of claim 22, wherein the polymer is one selected from the group consisting of polysulphones, polyamides, cross-linked polyimides, polyether ketones, polyetherimides, silicone rubber, nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber, silicone, polycarbonate, polyarylene, polyphenylene ether, polyolefin elastomer, polybutadiene, vinyl polymers, combinations thereof, and block copolymers thereof. 24. A separation assembly comprising the membrane structure of claim 1. 25. A gas separation assembly comprising the membrane structure of claim 1. 26. A high temperature gas separation assembly comprising the membrane structure of claim 1. 27. A filtration assembly comprising the membrane structure of claim 1. 28. A reactor assembly comprising the membrane structure of claim 1. 29. A sensor assembly comprising the membrane structure of claim 1. 30. A membrane structure comprising: a first layer having a plurality of interconnected pores; and a second layer disposed on the first layer, the second layer comprising an anodized alumina having a plurality of unconnected pores, wherein each of the unconnected pores is in fluid communication with at least one of the interconnected pores of the first layer; wherein the first layer includes more than one sublayer; wherein the sublayer not in contact with the second layer includes a metal.
Astier, Yann; Bai, Jingwei; Papa Rao, Satyavolu; Reuter, Kathleen; Smith, Joshua T., Solid state nanopore devices for nanopore applications to improve the nanopore sensitivity and methods of manufacture.
Astier, Yann; Bai, Jingwei; Papa Rao, Satyavolu; Reuter, Kathleen; Smith, Joshua T., Solid state nanopore devices for nanopore applications to improve the nanopore sensitivity and methods of manufacture.
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