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Solid absorbent materials that are useful for absorption of chemical species from a fluid, such as a gas stream or a liquid stream. The absorbent materials are formed by spray processing and posses a well-defined chemical composition and microstructure. The absorbent materials can have a high absorp

Solid absorbent materials that are useful for absorption of chemical species from a fluid, such as a gas stream or a liquid stream. The absorbent materials are formed by spray processing and posses a well-defined chemical composition and microstructure. The absorbent materials can have a high absorption capacity for a chemical species such as H2S, CO2, NOx, and H2 and have a high recylability, such that the chemical species can be absorbed and desorbed over a large number of cycles.

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What is claimed is: 1. A particulate absorbent material for the absorption of a chemical species from a fluid, wherein said absorbent material is fabricated by a process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a precursor solution comprising at least a first precursor to an absorbent compound select

What is claimed is: 1. A particulate absorbent material for the absorption of a chemical species from a fluid, wherein said absorbent material is fabricated by a process comprising the steps of: (a) providing a precursor solution comprising at least a first precursor to an absorbent compound selected from Group 1 and Group 2 metal oxides; (b) atomizing said precursor solution to form precursor droplets comprising said first precursor; (c) heating said precursor droplets remove liquid therefrom and form dried precursor droplets; and (d) converting said dried precursor droplets to a particulate absorbent material comprising said absorbent compound, wherein said particulate absorbent material is adapted to absorb CO2 and has a CO2 mass absorption capacity of at least about 20 grams CO2 per 100 grams unreacted absorbent material. 2. An absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said heating step and said converting step occur sequentially in a spray pyrolysis reactor. 3. An absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said heating step forms an intermediate compound capable of being post-processed to form a particulate absorbent material, and wherein said converting step comprises heating said intermediate compound to form said particulate absorbent material. 4. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said first precursor is selected from the group consisting of a metal nitrate, a metal acetate, a metal oxalate and a metal hydroxide. 5. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said first precursor comprises a metal oxalate. 6. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said absorbent compound comprises a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, strontium oxide and barium oxide. 7. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said absorbent compound comprises calcium oxide. 8. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said precursor solution comprises a metal salt of a Group 1 or a Group 2 metal selected from the group consisting of a metal oxalate salt and a metal hydroxide salt. 9. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said heating step comprises heating said droplets in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas. 10. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said precursor solution further comprises a morphology-enhancing agent. 11. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said precursor solution further comprises a morphology-enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, glycine, alcohols, ammonium nitrate, polymers and carbohydrazide. 12. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said precursor solution further comprises a precursor to a second compound selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon oxide and titanium oxide. 13. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said particulate absorbent material comprises CaO:MgO. 14. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said precursor solution further comprises a precursor to magnesium oxide. 15. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said precursor solution further comprises magnesium nitrate. 16. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said precursor solution further comprises a precursor to alumina. 17. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said precursor solution further comprises particulate alumina. 18. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said precursor solution further comprises a precursor to a metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Ni, Zn and Cu. 19. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said heating step comprises heating said precursor droplets to a temperature of at least about 300° C. 20. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said atomizing step comprises atomizing said precursor solution using a spray nozzle. 21. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said atomizing step comprises atomizing said precursor using ultrasonic transducers. 22. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said particulate absorbent material has an average size of from about 1 μm to about 50 μm. 23. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of pelletizing said particulate absorbent material. 24. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of coating said particulate absorbent material on a support structure. 25. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said particulate absorbent material has a substantially spherical morphology. 26. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of heating said particulate absorbent material. 27. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said particulate absorbent material has a pore volume of at least about 0.04 g/cm3. 28. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said particulate absorbent material has a pore volume of at least about 0.15 g/cm3. 29. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said particulate absorbent material has a surface area of at least about 15 m2/g. 30. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said particulate absorbent material has a surface area of at least about 30 m2/g. 31. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said absorbent compound maintains said CO2 mass absorption capacity over at least 100 cycles. 32. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said absorbent material has a CO2 mass absorption capacity of at least about 30 grams CO2 per 100 grams of unreacted absorbent material. 33. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said absorbent compound has a CO2 molar absorption capacity of at least about 70 mol. %. 34. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said absorbent compound has a CO2 molar absorption capacity of at least about 90 mol. %. 35. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 33, wherein said absorbent compound maintains said CO2 molar absorption capacity over at least 100 cycles. 36. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 1, wherein said heating step comprises heating said droplets in a spray dryer. 37. A particulate absorbent material adapted for the absorption of a chemical species from a fluid, wherein said particulate absorbent material comprises an intimate mixture of at least a first absorbent compound selected from Group 1 and Group 2 metal oxides and at least a first metal oxide inert additive that is different than said first absorbent compound, wherein said particulate absorbent material has a surface area of at least about 5 m2/g and wherein said particulate absorbent material comprises not greater than 50 wt. % metal oxide inert additives. 38. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said absorbent compound is a calcium compound. 39. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said first metal oxide inert additive is selected from the group consisting of Al2O3, MgO, SiO2 and TiO2. 40. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said particulate absorbent material is in the form of substantially spherical particles. 41. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said surface area is at least about 10 m2/g. 42. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said surface area is at least about 15 m2/g. 43. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said surface area is at least about 30 m2/g. 44. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said particulate absorbent material has a pore volume of at least about 0.01 cm3/g. 45. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said particulate absorbent material has a pore volume of at least about 0.04 cm3/g. 46. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said particulate absorbent material has a pore volume of at least about 0.15 cm3/g. 47. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said first metal oxide inert additive comprises from about 1 wt. % to 50 wt. % of said particulate absorbent material. 48. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, where said first metal oxide inert additive comprises from about 5 wt. % to about 25 wt. % of said particulate absorbent material. 49. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said first absorbent compound has an absorption capacity of at least about 50 mol. % for at least one selected chemical species. 50. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said first absorbent compound has an absorption capacity of at least about 70 mol. % for at least one selected chemical species. 51. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said first absorbent compound has an absorption capacity of at least about 90 mol. % for at least one selected chemical species. 52. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said first absorbent compound has an absorption capacity of at least about 50 mol. % for at least one selected chemical species after at least 100 cycles. 53. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said first absorbent compound has an absorption capacity of at least about 70 mol. % for at least one selected chemical species after at least 100 cycles. 54. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said first absorbent compound has an absorption capacity of at least about 90 mol. % for at least one selected chemical species after at least 100 cycles. 55. A particulate absorbent material as recited in claim 37, wherein said particulate absorbent material is pelletized.