A synchronous reaction cell, rotating as a unit, disassociates hydrogen from water, traps and filters hydrogen, mixes and pressurizes hydrogen and ingested carbon, hydrogenates carbon by surface catalysis, isolates and exhausts liquid hydrocarbon products above a desired density, recirculates gaseou
A synchronous reaction cell, rotating as a unit, disassociates hydrogen from water, traps and filters hydrogen, mixes and pressurizes hydrogen and ingested carbon, hydrogenates carbon by surface catalysis, isolates and exhausts liquid hydrocarbon products above a desired density, recirculates gaseous products for further reaction, and expands steam through a turbine to produce rotation and turn an electrical generator. Solar energy focused by heliostats is one means of supplying process heat. Burning natural gas or another fossil fuel in oxygen freed by the disassociation of water provides alternative sources of heat. The reaction cell has a vertical axis-of-rotation making it conducive to mounting on a tower disposed at the center of an array of heliostats. The rotating reaction cell has a large, cylindrical heat-absorbing surface. Electrical output might be used to aim heliostats. Excess electrical generation might be added to the local electrical grid and sold for its value.
대표청구항▼
What is claimed is: 1. A rotating, synchronous reaction cell that extracts hydrogen gas from water, mixes the gas with carbon in a cyclic flow through catalyzing beds, separates liquid from gaseous reaction products and expels liquid product, and expands steam through a turbine to cause rotation an
What is claimed is: 1. A rotating, synchronous reaction cell that extracts hydrogen gas from water, mixes the gas with carbon in a cyclic flow through catalyzing beds, separates liquid from gaseous reaction products and expels liquid product, and expands steam through a turbine to cause rotation and turn a generator, the enumerated chemical processes, as well as other underlying processes within said enumerated processes, being integrated into a unitized rotating device, the rotating unit and its stationary support thereby being suitable by the self-contained design, for mounting and operating atop a tower and solar energy for process heat, and being a liquid-hydrocarbon-fuel synthesizer, in which water is accelerated in a centrifuge, said centrifuge interior first resembling a thin cylindrical-shell void but having a circular array of vanes that extend from the outer radius to the inner radius of the cylindrical shell void, and from the top radial plane to the bottom radial plane of the cylindrical shell, said vanes accelerating water or other fluid within said centrifuge, in which heat is applied to the cylindrical outer-radius, exterior surface of said centrifuge, said centrifuge thereby being a water heater and centrifuge, in which said heat is transferred to water bearing against the inner-radius interior surface of the outer-radius containment wall of said water heater and centrifuge and said vanes emanating inward therefrom, in which the transfer of heat to the water inside said water heater and centrifuge raises the number of water molecules having sufficient energy to disassociate into hydrogen and oxygen according to the Maxwell distribution of energy, in which hydrogen gas in the centrifuged water is driven radially inward by induced buoyancy, as compressed water that is heated in said water heater and centrifuge is channeled through a circular plenum to a turbine where steam expands through said turbine that causes rotation of said water heater and centrifuge, in which radially-inward-driven hydrogen gas collects in a stacked array of gas-trapping pockets, the stacked array enclosing said water heater and centrifuge at the inner-radius and providing a watertight boundary; said gas-trapping pockets being a narrow annular void divided into a circular array of smaller cavities by vanes disposed in the interior thereof, having interior surfaces made of a hydrogen-permeable and hydrogen-selective membrane material, and being closed at the inner radius thereof, in which hydrogen gas trapped by buoyancy in the gas-trapping membrane pockets permeates through said hydrogen-selective membrane material and enters a gas inlet of a hydrocarbon synthesizer; said gas-trapping membrane pockets enclosing said gas inlet at the outer radius; said hydrocarbon synthesizer, water heater and centrifuge, and turbine rotor turning at the same angular speed as one assembly, in which hydrogen gas entering said gas inlet of said hydrocarbon synthesizer is mixed with injected carbon at the entrance of a compressor, the hydrogen gas and carbon passing through said compressor that mixes and pressurizes the reactants, in which the pressurized mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon is channeled into one or more condenser beds; said condenser beds having multiple, cascading layers of screens that are secured in tension by the rigid frame of said condenser bed, said rigid frame having a matrix, grid or honeycomb of smaller sieve pockets penetrating the radial distance through said rigid frame, with each smaller sieve pocket therein having multiple, cascading layers of screens in the radially-outward direction, in which said screens are coated with platinum-group, catalyzing metals and in which said screens trap larger carbon particles and hold the carbon in suspension in furrows disposed between perforations through said screens or by other similar means, and in the path of fluid molecules flowing through said perforations through said screens, in which the catalyzing material of said condenser beds causes various reactions of hydrogen and carbon within said sieve pockets of said condenser beds, the various reactions producing a variety of hydrocarbon molecules, in which products exiting at the outer radius of said condenser beds are channeled into an adjoining liquid-gas-separating centrifuge where the products are segregated by density, so that gaseous hydrocarbon molecules and hydrogen gas are drawn out from said centrifuge into the low-pressure inlet of a recirculating blower disposed at the inner radius of said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge while liquid hydrocarbon molecules and fine carbon solids accumulate in said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge, in which said recirculating blower exhausts the gaseous hydrocarbon molecules and hydrogen gas drawn from said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge, into said gas inlet of said hydrocarbon synthesizer where the exhausted gaseous mixture combines with hydrogen gas that has permeated through said hydrogen-selective membranes, the blended gas stream entering said compressor that mixes and pressurizes hydrogen and carbon before channeling the mixture into said condenser beds, in which float valves, that are disposed in a circular array around the interior surface of the outer-radius containment wall of said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge, have an effective density, including spring force, of about that of liquid hexane, such that, as hydrocarbons that are denser than liquid hexane accumulate, a predetermined radial depth of accelerated liquid hydrocarbons causes said floats to rise radially inward, off valve seats that surround exhaust ports that penetrate through the outer-radius containment wall of said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge, in which opening said exhaust ports allows liquid hydrocarbons and entrained carbon solids having a density greater than hexane to exit said hydrocarbon synthesizer, such that the all of the described parts and processes rotate as a unit turned by the expansion of steam through said steam turbine; the rotation causing buoyancy in said water heater and centrifuge, evacuating water from said gas-trapping pockets, recirculating gaseous hydrocarbons and hydrogen molecules through one or more said catalyzing condenser beds where said recirculation builds hydrocarbon molecules until a desired density is reached, and the centrifuging of the reaction products which isolates and exhausts denser liquid hydrocarbons. 2. The device of claim 1 having a large-area, membrane surface, the membrane being a stacked array of annular discs that selectively filter hydrogen gas, said stacked array of large-area, hydrogen-selective membranes closing said water heater and centrifuge at its inner-radius, in which an annular membrane disc spans between two framing rings, one framing ring being disposed at the inner radius of said annular membrane disc and the other framing ring disposed at the outer radius of said annular membrane disc, the inner-radius and outer-radius annular frames being coaxial with, and adjoining said annular membrane disc along the circular edges thereof, the aggregate being a membrane disc assembly, in which a third, non-membrane annular disc is interposed between two, facing membrane disc assemblies, the radial plane of said third disc being parallel to the radial planes of said surrounding, adjacent membrane disc assemblies, in which said third disc has vanes circularly arrayed around the disc, the blades of which emanate from the opposing flat surfaces of the third disc, said flat surfaces of said third disc being parallel to, or nearly parallel to the surfaces of said membrane disc assemblies; the outermost surface of the vane blades, away from the flat surfaces of said third disc, abutting the surfaces of said annular membrane discs, said vanes of said third disc terminating at an inner radius where said third disc increases in thickness to form an annular wall having the same elevations as said opposing vane blades and the same radii as said annular frame disposed at the inner radius of said membrane disc assembly, in which said inner-radius annular frames of two said membrane disc assemblies and the annular wall that is disposed at the inner radius of said third disc are joined, the assembly of two membrane disc assemblies and said third disc yielding narrow gas-trapping membrane pockets open at the circumference thereof, closed at the inner-radius annular wall, and disposed between said vanes of said third disc, said larger assembly of parts being called gas-trapping, membrane pocket assemblies, in which said vane angle of said third disc is aligned with the radial direction from the axis-of-rotation, or another angle such that the outer-radius termini of said vanes leads or trails the vane origins from said annular wall, said vane angle and angular speed being chosen for a given water temperature to fix a design pressure inside said gas-trapping membrane pocket assemblies, said angle of said vane blade being constant or changing across the length of said vane, in which a fourth, non-membrane disc of the same radii as said membrane disc assembly is disposed between adjacent pairs of gas-trapping membrane pocket assemblies, in which the fourth disc has vanes circularly arrayed around the annular disc, the blades of which emanate from the flat opposing surfaces of the fourth disc, said flat surfaces of said fourth disc being parallel to, or nearly parallel to the surfaces of the membrane disc assemblies; the outermost surface of the vane blades, away from said flat surfaces of the fourth disc, abutting the surfaces of the inner-radius, annular frames of said membrane disc assemblies, and said vanes of said fourth disc terminating at an outer radius where said fourth disc increases in thickness to form an annular wall having the same elevations as said vane blades of said fourth disc and the same radii as said annular frame disposed at the outer radius of said membrane disc assembly, said vanes of said fourth disc having an angle from the radial direction such that the inner-radius termini of said vanes trail the outer-radius origins of said vanes relative to the direction of rotation of the device of claim 1, in which said annular membrane disc is composed of a thin-wall membrane of vanadium, niobium or alloys thereof clad in palladium, and spanning between said annular frames; said thin-wall membrane being backed by a porous material, such as filter sheet, porous steel, or felted metal or a combination of filter sheet, porous steel, or felted metal, that does not impede permeation of hydrogen through said thin-wall membrane, while adding strength such that said thin-wall membrane resists pressure and acceleration present in said gas-trapping membrane pockets; and in which the resulting composite membrane is backed by a deflection-resisting honeycomb webbing that rigidly ties said inner-radius and outer-radius annular frames, in which fastening devices tightly join said annular frames disposed at the inner radii of two said annular membrane discs to said annular wall disposed at the inner radius of said third disc, in which longer fastening devices tightly join multiple gas-trapping membrane pocket assemblies to said fourth discs, said longer fastening devices passing through said annular frames disposed at the outer radii of said annular membrane discs and passing through said annular wall at the outer radius of each said fourth disc, such that said vanes of said third disc moderate the gas pressure exerted against said membrane discs inside said gas-trapping membrane pocket assemblies, while said vanes of said fourth disc exhaust hydrogen gas emerging from said membrane disc assemblies into said adjoining hydrocarbon synthesizer, such that said third and fourth discs and said membrane disc assemblies when joined create a watertight, hydrogen-permeable, membrane wall disposed at the inner radius of said water heater and centrifuge, and such that when joined said annular frames of said membrane disc assemblies, said annular walls disposed at the inner and outer radius of said third and fourth discs, respectively, and the vane blades thereon, stack to form stable columns disposed at the inner and outer radii of the aggregate assembly. 3. The device of claim 1 having a means of evacuating water from the surfaces of said hydrogen-selective membranes disposed in said gas-trapping pockets at the inner radius of said water heater and centrifuge, as water inside said adjacent water heater and centrifuge is heated to temperatures exceeding the boiling-point of the centrifuged water, in which the inlet pressure of cool water entering said water heater and centrifuge is raised above or equal to the vapor pressure of heated water inside said water heater and centrifuge by radial acceleration through injection channels, in which the pressure from cool water injected into said water heater and centrifuge when distributed at the inlets into said gas-trapping membrane pockets is lowered, according to Pascal's principle of hydraulics, by the ratio of the sum of the cross-section areas of the water-injection channels to the sum of the circumferential areas of the inlets into said gas-trapping membrane pockets, in which vanes disposed within the interiors of said gas-trapping membrane pockets produce outward pressure from water within said gas-trapping membrane pockets that exceeds the pressure at the inlets into said gas-trapping membrane pockets produced by cool water injection, so that water therein is expelled to a radius that is greater than the membrane surface inside said gas-trapping membrane pockets, in which the vapor pressure of heated water inside said water heater and centrifuge exceeds the radially-outward pressure produced by vanes inside said gas-trapping membrane pockets on water at the inlets into said gas-trapping membrane pockets, p1 in which the pressure of water, entering the inlet plenum of said steam turbine from said water heater and centrifuge, is raised by radial acceleration caused by rotation of vanes disposed inside said inlet plenum and adjacent to a circular array of inlet passages into said inlet plenum, the length and angles of the circularly-arrayed vane blades being fixed to maintain sufficient pressure inside said adjacent water heater and centrifuge while producing a liquid-gas interface at a desired radial depth inside said water heater and centrifuge; where acceleration of liquid inside said inlet plenum at a smaller radius than said circularly-arrayed vanes is limited to acceleration caused by viscosity that is countered by radially-inward-pushing impellers disposed within said inlet plenum at a smaller radius, in which flow from said inlet plenum into said steam turbine is regulated by a valve that opens only when liquid fills, in a radially-inward direction of flow, said inlet plenum leading to said steam turbine, said valve preventing steam from escaping through said steam turbine in an unthrottled manner that partially or fully evacuates said water heater and centrifuge of the pressurized liquid therein, such that steam and other light gases escape from heated water in said water heater and centrifuge and enter said gas-trapping membrane pockets, replacing water expelled therefrom as water inside said adjacent water heater and centrifuge is heated to temperatures exceeding the boiling-point of the centrifuged water. 4. The device of claim 1 having an integral means of separating liquid hydrocarbons having a density that is greater than hexane from other hydrocarbons having a density that is equal to or lower than the density of hexane, said device being a liquid-gas-separating centrifuge, in which a circular array of impeller vanes are disposed near the outer radius of the interior of an annular tub, said tub and impeller vanes therein being a centrifuge, in which the inlet to an adjoining, recirculating blower is disposed near the inner radius of the interior cavity of said annular tub of said centrifuge, in which float valves are disposed in a circular array around the inner-radius surface of the outer-radius wall of said annular tub and between said impeller vanes; said float valves being held against said outer radius wall by springs that bear against said float valves, and the valve of said float valves seating in and blocking ports that penetrate through the outer-radius wall of said annular tub, in which the effective density of said float valves and springs is about the density of liquid hexane when radially accelerated by said impeller vanes of said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge, such that said float valves rise from the exhaust ports and compress said springs only when liquid denser than hexane accumulates between said impeller vanes; the unblocking of said exhaust ports by the motion of said float valves allowing the accumulating liquid to exit said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge, in which the radial depth of said impeller vanes in said liquid-gas-separating-centrifuge equals the depth of accumulating liquid plus the distance the float valve must rise to allow liquids to exit through said ports; said impeller vanes having small passages through the blades at the lower, outer radius thereof, such that the accumulating liquid is equalized between said impeller vanes of said centrifuge, in which a liquid volume exceeding the accelerated volume between said impeller vanes is not accelerated by said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge, such that the vapor pressure of a liquid having a density equal to or lower than hexane, in the low pressure environment caused by the inlet of said recirculating blower disposed near the inner radius of said annular tub, causes said liquids to become a gas that is drawn into the inlet of said recirculating blower. 5. The device of claim 1 having an integral inlet, which turns at the same angular speed as said steam turbine rotor, said integral inlet simultaneously feeding water into the water heater and centrifuge and carbon into the hydrocarbon synthesizer, and being called an integrated inlet, in which said integrated inlet consists of a water pipe with a impeller screw attached to the lower end thereof, in which said impeller screw is disposed in a housing that encircles and is affixed to the blades of said impeller screw at the outer radius thereof, and the impeller housing narrowing in radius above said impeller blades and hub, thereby becoming a hollow pipe extending from said impeller screw and permitting attachment to said water pipe, in which said attached impeller screw is submerged in water and rotates and pushes water upward through said water pipe, in which said water pipe has a helical, auger blade affixed to the exterior surface thereof, in which said auger blade and water pipe turn in a surrounding, stationary pipe such that rotation of the helical auger blade moves carbon solids through said stationary pipe in the same direction water moves through the hollow center of said water pipe, in which the end of said water pipe that is opposite said impeller screw is rigidly attached to a water chamber that rotates at the angular speed of said steam turbine rotor, said water chamber connecting to a circular array of closed, water-injection channels that lead to said water heater and centrifuge; said water chamber being segregated from an adjoining chamber where carbon exhausts outward from said stationary pipe surrounding said auger blade, said adjacent chamber connecting to a circular array of closed inlet channels that extend to the entrance of said compressor of said hydrocarbon synthesizer, in which said integrated inlet and stationary pipe are disposed through the axial center of said steam turbine rotor to which said integrated inlet is indirectly affixed. 6. The device of claim 2 using charged electrode plates between said hydrogen-selective membranes and said annular membrane discs to indirectly induce a bias at the membrane surface by creating an electric field that crosses the membrane discs, said bias being negative at the membrane surface facing into said gas-trapping membrane pockets and aiding the absorption of hydrogen into the membrane material; the electrode plates being arranged so a positively-charged electrode plate is disposed inside said gas-trapping membrane pockets and a negatively-charged electrode plate is interposed between adjacent membrane surfaces facing into the gas inlet into said hydrocarbon synthesizer; charge to said electrode plates being transferred through a circular array of long fasteners that secure said hydrogen-selective membranes and said annular membrane near the inner-radius interior of said water heater and centrifuge; said electrode plates being encapsulated in a high-softening-temperature material of said third and fourth discs, such that said electrode plates add tensile strength and charge while said molded material encapsulating said electrode plate reduce weight and provide electrical insulation. 7. The device of claim 1 having a large catalyzing surface area for synthesizing, by surface catalysis, a variety of hydrogen-carbon reactions that form hydrocarbon molecules, in which a mixture of hydrogen, hydrocarbon gases and carbon flow through a sieve, said sieve consisting a frame having matrix of small openings and having screens stretched across the matrix of small openings through said frame, in which said frame and said stretched screen have the curvature of an arc-segment of a cylindrical shell and said small openings penetrating through said frame are in a radially outward direction relative to the curvature of said frame, in which the fabric or material of said screen is coated with a catalyzing material such as various allotropes or alloys of the platinum group of metals, in which multiple layers of said screen of said sieve are disposed at different radii of curvature of said frame, said multiple layers increasing the total surface area of screen exposed to reactant flow through the matrix of openings through said frame, in which the perforations through said multiple layers of said screens change, such that the screen layer disposed at one radius in said frame is less porous than screen layers disposed at smaller radii, thereby raising the internal pressure, in which the catalyzing material coating said screens change from screen layer to screen layer, such that the flow of reactants through changing catalysts produces a desirous pattern or sequence of reactions as the flow of reactants passes through the multiple screen layers of said frame. 8. The device of claim 1 having a circular array of structural impellers securing said annular tub of said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge to the base of said inlet plenum of said steam turbine, which simultaneously function as structural struts, as well as the impellers of said recirculating blower of claim 1. 9. The device of claim 1 having a circular array of structural impellers securing said annular tub of said liquid-gas-separating centrifuge to the base of said inlet plenum of said steam turbine, which simultaneously function as structural struts, as well as interstage impellers of said multistage compressor and the impellers of said recirculating blower of claim 1. 10. The device of claim 1 having multistage, gas-expansion turbine rotor having a hollow axle shaft, such that the integral, integrated inlet and stationary pipe pass through the axial center of said turbine rotor, said turbine rotor rotating on a bearing supported by a hollow turbine rotor pedestal through which said integral, integrated inlet and stationary pipe also extend. 11. The device of claim 1 in which said steam turbine reduces the weight borne by anti-friction bearings that support rotation, by vertically aligning the axis-of-rotation of the turbine rotor of said steam turbine so that turbine-inlet vapor pressure exerts an upward force against the pressure containing surfaces of the rotating assembly, thereby countering the force of gravity. 12. The device of claim 1 having a vertical axis-of-rotation that is conducive to mounting said device at the top of a tower at the focal center of an array of heliostats, and having a large, cylindrical heat absorbing surface suitable for heating by focused solar energy. 13. The device of claim 1 in which said water heater and centrifuge is joined at the top to said circular inlet plenum which is joined to said turbine rotor, in which said structural impellers are joined to and support said inlet plenum which is joined to and supports said water heater and centrifuge, in which said structural impellers are joined to and supported at the bases thereof by said liquid-gas-separating-centrifuge, in which said structural impellers are joined to and support the lower circular plate which encloses said gas inlet of said hydrocarbon synthesizer which is joined to and supports said water heater and centrifuge at the bottom, in which said membrane wall encloses said water heater and centrifuge at the inner radius thereof and in which said membrane wall encloses said gas inlet at the outer radius thereof, in which an annular interior wall spans between said liquid-gas-separating-centrifuge and said inlet plenum, and encloses said hydrocarbon synthesizer at the inner radius, in which said hydrocarbon synthesizer encircles said steam turbine which encircles said integrated inlet, in which said integrated inlet is joined to a water inlet chamber and carbon inlet which is joined to the top surface of said inlet plenum of said steam turbine, in which said water inlet chamber has vanes that radially accelerate water outward to water-injection channels affixed to the upper surface of said inlet plenum, in which said injection channels join to injection channels that are affixed to said water heater and centrifuge, in which said injection channels affixed to said water heater and centrifuge are joined to injection passages through said lower circular plate that encloses said gas inlet, in which a lower, annular water distribution channel is joined to and supported by said lower circular plate that encloses said gas inlet, in which said compressor is joined to and supported by said structural impellers, in which said condenser bed are joined to said structural impellers. 14. The device of claim 1, which uses rotation to stimulate said enumerated chemical processes and which operates with the exterior surfaces of said reaction cell exposed to the atmosphere and thereby being susceptible to aerodynamic drag that increases the energy required to maintain angular momentum, having a generally cylindrical form such that rotation produces little aerodynamic drag in the direction of rotation and thereby minimizing the addition of energy required to overcome aerodynamic drag. 15. The device of claim 1 having a variety of possible embodiments based on different locales, operating temperatures, angular speeds, design radii or other dimensions, and means and methods of interconnecting of parts that make up the rotating and static assemblies such that the resulting alternate embodiment yields an integration of the same processes. 16. A part or all of the reaction cell design of claim 1 being used for hydrogen-based chemical processes other than the synthesis of hydrocarbons. 17. The device of claim 1 using heat derived from the combustion of fuels such as light hydrocarbon gases, including but not limited to methane, ethane, butane or propane, heavier hydrocarbons such as oil and diesel fuel, fuel derived from oil shale, coal, or coal gas, in place of, or in addition to reflected solar energy to heat said water heater and centrifuge, including heat derived from combustion of said fuels during times of low or no insolation where the addition of heat extends production from said device of claim 1 into or through the night. 18. The device of claim 1 using heat derived from nuclear fission or fusion in place of reflected solar energy to heat water in said water heater and centrifuge. 19. The device of claim 1 using clean energy sources such as heat from electricity derived from wind-driven electric generators or heat derived from geothermal wells in place of reflected solar energy to heat water in said water heater and centrifuge, including during times of low or no insolation where said heat extends production from said device of claim 1. 20. The device of claim 1 producing an excess of electricity generated by said electric generator that is a part thereof, said excess of electricity being added to the electric grid either as a single supplier of electricity, as a cooperative of multiple suppliers of electricity, or as one or more business entities controlling one or more solar-powered, liquid-hydrocarbon-fuel synthesizers, and said electricity being sold for its economic value, where a part or all of the proceeds of the sale of electricity are used to reduce the cost of the synthesized, liquid hydrocarbon fuel product, and where the production and sale of said excess electricity might reduce generating electricity by burning fossil fuels, with the reduction of burning fossil fuels reducing or eliminating carbon-dioxide penalties to a purchaser or subsequent purchasers of said excess electricity, the carbon-dioxide penalties being fines, fees, taxes, or other payments that might otherwise have been imposed upon or paid for carbon-dioxide emissions that would have resulted had the equivalent amount of electricity been generated by burning fossil fuels in air rather than being purchased, the carbon-dioxide penalties arising from present or future laws, treaties or other agreements aimed at reducing carbon-dioxide emissions, and where the economic value of carbon-dioxide penalties that are avoided by the purchase of said excess electricity might be construed to be a part of the economic value of said excess electricity sold, including if and when the person or persons, business or governmental entity that avoids said carbon-dioxide penalties is not, or are not, the first purchaser of said excess electricity.
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