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The invention provides a particulate composition adapted for forming a bone graft substitute cement upon mixing with an aqueous solution, including i) a calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder having a bimodal particle distribution and a median particle size of about 5 to about 20 microns, wherein the ca

The invention provides a particulate composition adapted for forming a bone graft substitute cement upon mixing with an aqueous solution, including i) a calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder having a bimodal particle distribution and a median particle size of about 5 to about 20 microns, wherein the calcium sulfate hemihydrate is present at a concentration of at least about 70 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition; ii) a monocalcium phosphate monohydrate powder; and iii) a β-tricalcium phosphate powder having a median particle size of less than about 20 microns. Bone graft substitute cements made therefrom, a bone graft substitute kit comprising the particulate composition, methods of making and using the particulate composition, and articles made from the bone graft substitute cement are also provided.

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The invention claimed is: 1. A particulate composition adapted for forming a bone graft substitute cement upon mixing with an aqueous solution, comprising: i) a calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder having a bimodal particle distribution and a median particle size of about 5 to about 20 microns, where

The invention claimed is: 1. A particulate composition adapted for forming a bone graft substitute cement upon mixing with an aqueous solution, comprising: i) a calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder having a bimodal particle distribution and a median particle size of about 5 to about 20 microns, wherein the calcium sulfate hemihydrate is present at a concentration of at least about 70 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition; ii) a monocalcium phosphate monohydrate powder; and iii) a β-tricalcium phosphate powder having a median particle size of less than about 20 microns. 2. The particulate composition of claim 1, further comprising β-tricalcium phosphate granules having a median particle size of at least about 75 microns. 3. The particulate composition of claim 2, wherein the β-tricalcium phosphate granules have a median particle size of about 75 to about 1,000 microns. 4. The particulate composition of claim 2, wherein the β-tricalcium phosphate granules are present at a concentration of up to about 20 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition. 5. The particulate composition of claim 4, wherein the β-tricalcium phosphate granules are present at a concentration of up to about 12 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition. 6. The particulate composition of claim 1, wherein the calcium sulfate hemihydrate is α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate. 7. The particulate composition of claim 1, wherein the calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder has a bimodal particle distribution comprising about 30 to about 60 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 1.0 to about 3.0 microns and about 40 to about 70 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 20 to about 30 microns, based on the total volume of the calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder. 8. The particulate composition of claim 1, wherein the calcium sulfate hemihydrate is present at a concentration of at least about 75 weight percent. 9. The particulate composition of claim 1, wherein the combined concentration of the monocalcium phosphate monohydrate powder and the β-tricalcium phosphate powder is about 3 to about 30 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition. 10. The particulate composition of claim 1, wherein the β-tricalcium phosphate powder has a bimodal particle size distribution comprising about 30 to about 70 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 2.0 to about 6.0 microns and about 30 to about 70 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 40 to about 70 microns based on the total volume of the β-tricalcium phosphate powder. 11. The particulate composition of claim 10, wherein the β-tricalcium phosphate powder has a bimodal particle size distribution comprising about 50 to about 65 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 4.0 to about 5.5 microns and about 35 to about 50 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 60 to about 70 microns based on the total volume of the β-tricalcium phosphate powder. 12. The particulate composition of claim 1, further comprising an accelerant adapted for accelerating the conversion of calcium sulfate hemihydrate to calcium sulfate dihydrate. 13. The particulate composition of claim 12, wherein the accelerant is selected from the group consisting of calcium sulfate dihydrate particles, potassium sulfate particles, and sodium sulfate particles, wherein the accelerant is optionally coated with sucrose. 14. The particulate composition of claim 12, wherein the accelerant is present at a concentration of up to about 1 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition. 15. The particulate composition of claim 1, further comprising a biologically active agent. 16. The particulate composition of claim 15, wherein the biologically active agent is selected from the group consisting of cancellous bone chips, growth factors, antibiotics, pesticides, chemotherapeutic agents, antivirals, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents. 17. The particulate composition of claim 15, wherein the biologically active agent is an osteoinductive material. 18. The particulate composition of claim 17, wherein the osteoinductive material is demineralized bone matrix. 19. The particulate composition of claim 15, wherein the biologically active agent is a growth factor selected from the group consisting of fibroblast growth factors, platelet-derived growth factors, bone morphogenic proteins, osteogenic proteins, transforming growth factors, LIM mineralization proteins, osteoid-inducing factors, angiogenins, endothelins; growth differentiation factors, ADMP-1, endothelins, hepatocyte growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor, heparin-binding growth factors, hedgehog proteins, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, epithelial growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, cytokines, osteopontin, and osteonectin. 20. The particulate composition of claim 1, wherein the particulate composition sets to a hardened mass upon mixing with an aqueous solution in about 3 to about 25 minutes. 21. A bone graft substitute cement comprising the reaction product formed by mixing a particulate composition according to claim 1 with an aqueous solution, the reaction product comprising calcium sulfate dihydrate and brushite. 22. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 21, wherein said cement is cast in a predetermined shape. 23. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 22, wherein said predetermined shape is selected from the group consisting of pellets, granules, wedges, blocks, and disks. 24. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 21, wherein said cement exhibits a diametral tensile strength of at least about 4 MPa after curing for one hour in ambient air following mixing of the particulate composition with the aqueous solution. 25. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 24, wherein said cement exhibits a diametral tensile strength of at least about 6 MPa after curing for one hour in ambient air. 26. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 21, wherein said cement exhibits a diametral tensile strength of at least about 8 MPa after curing for 24 hours in ambient air following mixing of the particulate composition with the aqueous solution. 27. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 26, wherein said cement exhibits a diametral tensile strength of at least about 10 MPa after curing for 24 hours in ambient air. 28. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 21, wherein said cement exhibits an average dissolution rate, expressed as an average percentage of weight loss per day, that is at least about 25% lower than the average dissolution rate of a cement formed using a particulate composition consisting of calcium sulfate, the average dissolution rate measured by immersion of a 4.8 mm OD pellet having a length of 3.3 mm in distilled water at 37° C. 29. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 28, wherein said cement exhibits an average dissolution rate that is at least about 30% lower than a cement formed using a particulate composition consisting of calcium sulfate only. 30. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 21, wherein the aqueous solution comprises a carboxylic acid. 31. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 30, wherein the carboxylic acid is a hydroxy carboxylic acid. 32. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 31, wherein the hydroxy carboxylic acid is glycolic acid. 33. The bone graft substitute cement of claim 30, wherein the carboxylic acid is neutralized to a pH of about 6.5 to about 7.5. 34. A bone graft substitute kit, comprising one or more containers enclosing a particulate composition according to claim 1, a separate container enclosing a sterile aqueous solution, and a written instruction set describing a method of using said kit. 35. The bone graft substitute kit of claim 34, further comprising a mixing apparatus adapted for mixing the particulate composition and the aqueous solution. 36. The bone graft substitute kit of claim 34, further comprising a delivery device adapted for delivering a bone graft substitute cement mixture to the site of a bone defect. 37. A method for treating a bone defect, comprising applying a bone graft substitute cement according to claim 21 to the site of the bone defect. 38. A particulate composition adapted for forming a bone graft substitute cement upon mixing with an aqueous solution, comprising: i) a calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder having a bimodal particle distribution and a median particle size of about 5 to about 20 microns, wherein the calcium sulfate hemihydrate is present at a concentration of at least about 75 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition; ii) a monocalcium phosphate monohydrate powder; iii) a β-tricalcium phosphate powder having a median particle size of less than about 20 microns, the monocalcium phosphate monohydrate powder and the β-tricalcium phosphate powder being present at a combined concentration of about 3 to about 30 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition; iv) β-tricalcium phosphate granules having a median particle size of at least about 75 microns and present at a concentration of up to about 20 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition; and v) an accelerant adapted for accelerating the conversion of calcium sulfate hemihydrate to calcium sulfate dihydrate, the accelerant being present at a concentration of up to about 1 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition. 39. The particulate composition of claim 38, further comprising a biologically active agent. 40. The particulate composition of claim 39, wherein the biologically active agent is selected from the group consisting of cancellous bone chips, growth factors, antibiotics, pesticides, chemotherapeutic agents, antivirals, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents. 41. The particulate composition of claim 39, wherein the biologically active agent is an osteoinductive material. 42. The particulate composition of claim 41, wherein the osteoinductive material is demineralized bone matrix. 43. The particulate composition of claim 39, wherein the biologically active agent is a growth factor selected from the group consisting of fibroblast growth factors, platelet-derived growth factors, bone morphogenic proteins, osteogenic proteins, transforming growth factors, LIM mineralization proteins, osteoid-inducing factors, angiogenins, endothelins; growth differentiation factors, ADMP-1, endothelins, hepatocyte growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor, heparin-binding growth factors, hedgehog proteins, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, epithelial growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, cytokines, osteopontin, and osteonectin. 44. A bone graft substitute cement comprising β-tricalcium phosphate granules and a reaction product formed by mixing a particulate composition according to claim 38 with an aqueous solution, the reaction product comprising calcium sulfate dihydrate and brushite. 45. A bone graft substitute kit, comprising one or more containers enclosing a particulate composition according to claim 38, a separate container enclosing a sterile aqueous solution, and a written instruction set describing a method of using the kit. 46. A method for treating a bone defect, comprising applying a bone graft substitute cement according to claim 44 to the site of the bone defect. 47. A particulate composition adapted for forming a bone graft substitute cement upon mixing with an aqueous solution, comprising: i) an α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder having a bimodal particle distribution and a median particle size of about 5 to about 20 microns, wherein the calcium sulfate hemihydrate is present at a concentration of at least about 75 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition, and wherein the calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder has a bimodal particle distribution comprising about 30 to about 60 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 1.0 to about 3.0 microns and about 40 to about 70 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 20 to about 30 microns, based on the total volume of the calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder; ii) a monocalcium phosphate monohydrate powder; iii) a β-tricalcium phosphate powder having a median particle size of less than about 20 microns, the monocalcium phosphate monohydrate powder and the β-tricalcium phosphate powder being present at a combined concentration of about 10 to about 20 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition; iv) β-tricalcium phosphate granules having a median particle size of about 100 to about 400 microns and present at a concentration of up to about 12 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition; and v) an accelerant adapted for accelerating the conversion of calcium sulfate hemihydrate to calcium sulfate dihydrate, the accelerant being present at a concentration of up to about 1 weight percent based on the total weight of the particulate composition. 48. The particulate composition of claim 47, further comprising a biologically active agent is selected from the group consisting of cancellous bone chips, growth factors, antibiotics, pesticides, chemotherapeutic agents, antivirals, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents. 49. The particulate composition of claim 48, wherein the biologically active agent is a growth factor selected from the group consisting of fibroblast growth factors, platelet-derived growth factors, bone morphogenic proteins, osteogenic proteins, transforming growth factors, LIM mineralization proteins, osteoid-inducing factors, angiogenins, endothelins; growth differentiation factors, ADMP-1, endothelins, hepatocyte growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor, heparin-binding growth factors, hedgehog proteins, interleukins, colony-stimulating factors, epithelial growth factors, insulin-like growth factors, cytokines, osteopontin, and osteonectin. 50. The particulate composition of claim 47, further comprising an osteoinductive material. 51. The particulate composition of claim 50, wherein the osteoinductive material is demineralized bone matrix. 52. A bone graft substitute cement comprising β-tricalcium phosphate granules and a reaction product formed by mixing a particulate composition according to claim 47 with an aqueous solution, the reaction product comprising calcium sulfate dihydrate and brushite. 53. A bone graft substitute kit, comprising one or more containers enclosing a particulate composition according to claim 47, a separate container enclosing a sterile aqueous solution, and a written instruction set describing a method of using the kit. 54. A method for treating a bone defect, comprising applying a bone graft substitute cement according to claim 47 to the site of the bone defect. 55. A particulate composition adapted for forming a bone graft substitute cement upon mixing with an aqueous solution, comprising: i) a calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder having a bimodal particle distribution and a median particle size of about 5 to about 20 microns, wherein the calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder comprises about 30 to about 60 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 1.0 to about 3.0 microns and about 40 to about 70 volume percent of particles having a mode of about 20 to about 30 microns, based on the total volume of the calcium sulfate hemihydrate powder; ii) a monocalcium phosphate monohydrate powder; iii) a β-tricalcium phosphate powder having a median particle size of less than about 20 microns; iv) an accelerant adapted for accelerating the conversion of calcium sulfate hemihydrate to calcium sulfate dihydrate; and v) demineralized bone matrix.