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A battery comprises a substrate comprising an electrolyte between a pair of conductors, at least one conductor having a non-contact surface. A cap is spaced apart from the non-contact surface of the conductor by a gap having a gap distance dg of from about 1 μm to about 120 μm. The gap a

A battery comprises a substrate comprising an electrolyte between a pair of conductors, at least one conductor having a non-contact surface. A cap is spaced apart from the non-contact surface of the conductor by a gap having a gap distance dg of from about 1 μm to about 120 μm. The gap allows the conductor to expand into the gap. The gap is further bounded by side faces about a surrounding perimeter that may be sealed with a seal. In one version, the ratio of the surface area of the non-contact surfaces on the conductor to the total surface area of the side faces is greater than about 10:1. A pliable dielectric can also be provided in the gap.

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What is claimed is: 1. A battery comprising: (a) a substrate comprising an electrolyte between a pair of conductors, at least one conductor having a non-contact surface; and (b) a cap spaced apart from the conductor with the non-contact surface by a gap having a gap distance dg of from about 1 

What is claimed is: 1. A battery comprising: (a) a substrate comprising an electrolyte between a pair of conductors, at least one conductor having a non-contact surface; and (b) a cap spaced apart from the conductor with the non-contact surface by a gap having a gap distance dg of from about 1 μm to about 120 μm, whereby the conductor can expand into the gap. 2. A battery according to claim 1 wherein the gap distance dg is less than about 10 μm. 3. A battery according to claim 1 wherein the gap is bounded at least partially by the non-contact surface of the conductor and a plurality of side faces, and wherein the ratio of the area of the non-contact conductor surface to the total area of the side faces is greater than about 10:1. 4. A battery according to claim 1 comprising a seal extending around the side faces of the gap. 5. A battery according to claim 4 wherein the seal comprises at least one of: (1) a moisture permeability of less than about 1.75 g/(mil*100 inch2)/day; (2) is made from a conductive material; or (3) is made from at least one of epoxy, polymerized ethylene acid copolymer, Apiezon®, paraffin, wax, Surlyn® and mixtures thereof. 6. A battery according to claim 1 further comprising a pliable dielectric within the gap. 7. A battery according to claim 6 wherein the pliable dielectric comprises at least one of: (1) a material that does not react with the conductors; (2) a material that can withstand a pressure of up to about 1 kg/mm2 with a thickness deformation of less than about 0.1 mm; (3) a moisture permeability of less than about 10 g/(mil*100 inch2)/day; and (4) is made from at least one of Apiezon®, paraffin, wax, mineral oil and mixtures thereof. 8. A battery according to claim 1 wherein at least one of the substrate or cap comprises a sheet of mica, quartz, metal foil, metalized plastic film, metal casing, ceramic casing or glass casing. 9. A battery according to claim 1 comprising a pair of electrical connectors extending though the gap to the external environment, each electrical connector being connected to at least one conductor. 10. A battery according to claim 1 comprising a housing enclosing the substrate and the cap. 11. A battery according to claim 10 wherein the housing comprises two pieces of metal foil about the substrate. 12. A battery according to claim 1 wherein the cap comprises a metal foil or metalized plastic film. 13. A battery according to claim 12 comprising a second cap about the substrate, the second cap comprising a metal foil or metalized plastic film. 14. A battery comprising: (a) a first substrate comprising an electrolyte between a first pair of conductors, at least one of the conductors having a first non-contact surface; (b) a second substrate comprising an electrolyte between a second pair of conductors, at least one of the conductors having a second non-contact surface; and (c) a first gap about the first non-contact surface of the first pair of conductors and a second gap about the second non-contact surface of the second pair of conductors, the first and second gaps each comprising a gap distance dg of from about 1 μm to about 120 μm, whereby the first and second gaps allow the first and second conductors to expand. 15. A battery according to claim 14 wherein the gap distance dg is less than about 10 μm. 16. A battery according to claim 14 wherein the first non-contact surface faces the second non-contact surface and wherein the first and second gaps are both therebetween. 17. A battery according to claim 16 comprising a cap between the first and second gaps, the cap comprising a metal foil or metalized plastic film. 18. A battery according to claim 17 wherein the first and second gaps are each filled with a pliable dielectric. 19. A battery according to claim 14 wherein the first non-contact surface faces a second substrate to form the first gap therebetween, and wherein the second non-contact surface faces a cap to form a second gap therebetween. 20. A battery according to claim 14 wherein the first or second substrate comprises a sheet of mica, quartz, metal foil, metallized plastic film, metal casing, ceramic casing or glass casing. 21. A battery according to claim 14 wherein each of the first and second gaps is bounded at least partially by a non-contact surface of a conductor and a plurality of side faces, and wherein the ratio of the area of the non-contact conductor surface to the total area of the side faces is greater than about 10:1. 22. A battery according to claim 14 comprising a seal extending around the side faces of the gap. 23. A battery according to claim 14 comprising a pliable dielectric in at least one of the first and second gaps. 24. A battery according to claim 14 where the first and second substrates are connected in parallel with electrical connectors extending around the first and second substrates. 25. A battery according to claim 14 where the first and second substrates are connected in series with electrical connectors extending through holes in the first and second substrates. 26. A battery according to claim 14 comprising a pair of electrical connectors extending though the gap to the external environment, each electrical connector being connected to at least one of the first or second pairs of the conductors. 27. A battery according to claim 14 comprising a housing enclosing the first and second substrates. 28. A battery according to claim 27 wherein the housing comprises a pair of metal foils or metalized plastic films. 29. A battery according to claim 14 comprising a first cap about the first gap, and a second cap about the second gap, the first and second caps each comprising a metal foil or metalized plastic film. 30. A battery comprising: (a) a substrate having (i) a first surface comprising a first battery cell comprising a first electrolyte between a first pair of conductors, at least one of the first pair of conductors having a first non-contact surface and (ii) a second surface comprising a second battery cell comprising a second electrolyte between a second pair of conductors, at least one of the second pair of conductors having a second non-contact surface; (b) a first cap spaced apart from the first non-contact surface of a conductor by a first gap having a gap distance dg1 of from about 1 μm to about 120 μm, whereby the conductor can expand into the first gap; and (c) a second cap spaced apart from the second non-contact surface of a conductor by a second gap having a gap distance dg2 of from about 1 μm to about 120 μm, whereby the conductor can expand into the second gap. 31. A battery according to claim 30 wherein the gap distance dg is less than about 10 μm. 32. A battery according to claim 30 further comprising a plurality of second substrates that each comprise a first surface with a first battery cell and a second surface with a second battery cell. 33. A battery according to claim 32 wherein at least one of the first and second caps is a substrate having a surface with a battery cell. 34. A battery according to claim 30 comprising a pair of caps about either surface of the substrate, each cap comprising a metal foil or metalized plastic film. 35. A battery according to claim 30 wherein the first and second gaps are each filled with a pliable dielectric. 36. A battery according to claim 35 wherein the first and second caps each comprise a metal foil or metalized plastic film.