최소 단어 이상 선택하여야 합니다.
최대 10 단어까지만 선택 가능합니다.
다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
NTIS 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
DataON 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Edison 바로가기다음과 같은 기능을 한번의 로그인으로 사용 할 수 있습니다.
Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | US-0796720 (1999-12-09) |
등록번호 | US-RE43082 (2012-01-10) |
국제출원번호 | PCT/US99/29343 (1999-12-09) |
§371/§102 date | 20010524 (20010524) |
국제공개번호 | WO00/35091 (2000-06-15) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 20 인용 특허 : 167 |
The design of typable devices, in particular, touch-typable devices embodying ambiguous codes, presents numerous ergonomic problems. Solutions for these problems are herein disclosed. This invention teaches methods for the selection of ambiguous codes from the classes of strongly-touch-typable ambig
The design of typable devices, in particular, touch-typable devices embodying ambiguous codes, presents numerous ergonomic problems. Solutions for these problems are herein disclosed. This invention teaches methods for the selection of ambiguous codes from the classes of strongly-touch-typable ambiguous codes and substantially optimal ambiguous codes for touch-typable devices such as computers, telephones, pagers, personal digital assistants, smart cards, television set-top devices and other information appliances, given design constraints such as the size, shape, and computational capacity of the device, the typical uses of the device, and conventional constraints such as respect of alphabetic ordering or Qwerty ordering.
1. An apparatus comprising: encoding symbols; decoding symbols; a keyboard comprising a plurality of keys responsive to user activation to generate sequences of said encoding symbols, said keyboard comprising a plurality of keys; an output which selectively outputs sequences of said decoding symbols
1. An apparatus comprising: encoding symbols; decoding symbols; a keyboard comprising a plurality of keys responsive to user activation to generate sequences of said encoding symbols, said keyboard comprising a plurality of keys; an output which selectively outputs sequences of said decoding symbols in response to said user activation of said keyboard; an ambiguous code which maps said sequences of said encoding symbols to said sequences of said decoding symbols, wherein at least one of said sequences of said encoding symbols is mapped to a plurality of said sequences of said decoding symbols, said ambiguous code characterized in that it is strongly touch typable; a plurality of decoding-symbol-assigned keys formed by an assignment of said decoding symbols to said keys, said assignment characterized in that it is not even-as-possible, given the number of said decoding-symbol-assigned keys. 2. An apparatus comprising: encoding symbols; decoding symbols; a keyboard comprising a plurality of keys responsive to user activation to generate sequences of said encoding symbols, said keyboard comprising a plurality of keys; an output which selectively outputs sequences of said decoding symbols in response to said user activation of said keyboard; an ambiguous code which maps said sequences of said encoding symbols to said sequences of said decoding symbols, wherein at least one of said sequences of said encoding symbols is mapped to a plurality of said sequences of said decoding symbols, said ambiguous code characterized in that it is maximally touch typable in that at least one of the conditions is true of said ambiguous code, said conditions selected from i) its lookup error rate is at least of level C, ii) its query error rate is at least of level B, iii) its effective key number is at least 10, given statistics drawn from a representative corpus of a language. 3. An apparatus comprising: encoding symbols; decoding symbols; a keyboard comprising a plurality of keys responsive to user activation to generate sequences of said encoding symbols, said keyboard comprising a plurality of keys; an output sequences of said decoding symbols in response to said user activation of said keyboard; an ambiguous code which maps said sequences of said encoding symbols to said sequences of said decoding symbols; wherein at least one said sequences of said encoding symbols is mapped to a plurality of said sequences of said decoding symbols, said ambiguous code characterized in that it substantially satisfies at least one constraint selected from the group consisting of anatomic fidelity, conservation of conventional gestures, conservation of convention, cross-platform compatibility, learnability, and scan time; an assignment of a plurality of said decoding symbols to said keys, said assignment characterized in that it is not even-as-possible. 4. An apparatus comprising: encoding symbols; decoding symbols; a keyboard comprising a plurality of keys responsive to user activation to generate sequences of said encoding symbols, said keyboard comprising a plurality of keys; an output which selectively outputs sequences of said decoding symbols in response to said user activation of said keyboard; an ambiguous code which maps said sequences of said encoding symbols to said sequences of said decoding symbols, wherein at least one of said sequences of said encoding symbols is mapped to a plurality of said sequences of said decoding symbols, said ambiguous code characterized in that it is substantially optimal with respect to at least one of lookup error rate and query error rate; an assignment of said decoding symbols to said keys, said assignment characterized in that it is not even-as-possible, given the number of said keys to which said decoding symbols have been assigned by said assignment. 5. An apparatus comprising: encoding symbols; decoding symbols; a keyboard comprising a plurality of keys responsive to user activation to generate sequences of said encoding symbols; an output which selectively outputs sequences of said decoding symbols in response to said user activation of said keyboard; an ambiguous code which maps said sequences of said encoding symbols to said sequences of said decoding symbols, wherein at least one of said sequences of said encoding symbols is mapped to a plurality of said sequences of said decoding symbols, said ambiguous code characterized in that said sequences of said encoding symbols are max-2 sequences of length at most two, comprising at least one max-2 sequence of length 2; and said sequences of said decoding symbols are max-1 sequences of length 1 whereby said ambiguous code is a mapping between said max-2 sequences of said encoding symbols and subsets of said decoding symbols and whereby input of one of said max-2 sequences of said encoding symbols explictly selects for ambiguous output one of said subsets of said decoding symbols. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said keys are laid out spatially and a plurality of said decoding symbols are associated with said keys substantially following a conventional order in space. 7. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein a plurality of said max-2 sequences of said encoding symbols are input in response to a substantially simultaneous said user activation which consists of activating two of said keys substantially simultaneously in that activation of a second of said keys occurs within the duration of activity of a first of said keys. 8. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein physical motions are operative to input said sequences of said encoding symbols comprising, but not limited to, any motion of body parts selected from the set of arm, hand, fingers, thumb, leg, foot, toes, head, and eye. 9. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said decoding symbols are symbols used to represent a natural language, comprising, but not limited to, the letters, digits and punctuation marks commonly used to write said natural language. 10. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said decoding symbols are explicitly selected so as to optimize at least one of lookup error rate and query error rate. 11. The apparatus of claim 5 further characterized in that it is strongly touch typable, whereupon said ambiguous code is a strongly touch typable ambiguous code. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said strongly touch typable ambiguous code is a multi-level ambiguous code, said multi-level ambiguous code characterized in that it comprises a first-level ambiguous code and a second-level ambiguous code; wherein a first of said encoding symbols in one of said max-2 sequences of said encoding symbols is drawn from said first-level ambiguous code, and a second of said encoding symbols in said one of said max-2 sequences of said encoding symbols is drawn from said second-level ambiguous code. 13. The apparatus of claim 5 further characterized in that it substantially satisfies at least one constraint selected from the set consisting of specified partition structure, anatomic fidelity, conservation of conventional gestures, conservation of convention, cross-platform compatibility, learnability, and scan time. 14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein said conservation of convention comprises substantial conservation of qwerty order and said keys are arranged in at least three rows and one to ten columns, and wherein said decoding symbols comprise letters comprising a through z, and said three rows comprise a top row; a middle row; and a bottom row; said apparatus further comprising an assignment of said letters to said keys, so that said keys comprise letter-assigned keys, said letters in order q, w, e, r, t, y, u, i, o and p are assigned by said assignment to a plurality of said letter-assigned keys in said top row of said three rows, said letters in order a, s, d, f, g, h, j, k, and l are assigned by said assignment to a plurality of said letter-assigned keys in said middle row of said three rows, said letters in order z, x, c, v, b and m are assigned by said assignment to a plurality of said letter-assigned keys in said bottom row of said three rows, futher characterized in that the number of said letter-assigned keys in each of said three rows monotonically decreases from said top row to said bottom row, in that said number of said letter-assigned keys in each of said three rows decreases or remains constant from said top row to said middle row and from said middle row to said bottom row, said assignment satisfying an even-as-possible partition given said number of said letter-assigned keys in each of said three rows and wherein said keys are laid out in a format including as a subpart one of standard numeric keypad format and standard telephone keypad format with corresponding indicia for digits so as to substantially satisfy said cross-platform compatibility. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said ambiguous code is substantially optimal with respect to at least one of lookup error rate and query error rate. 16. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein a plurality of said subsets of said decoding symbols contain a single of said decoding symbols, whereby input of one of said max-2 sequences of said encoding symbols which is mapped by said ambiguous code to one of said single of said decoding symbols serves to explicitly select for unambiguous output said single of said decoding symbols, whereupon said single of said decoding symbols is an element of a plurality of explicitly selected unambiguous said decoding symbols. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 characterized in that a plurality of said max-2 sequences of said encoding symbols consist of one element drawn from a plurality of combining said encoding symbols, and one element drawn from a plurality of key-assigned said encoding symbols, any single element of said plurality of said key-assigned said encoding symbols being designated a key-assigned encoding symbol, wherein said user activation of one of said keys to which one of said key-assigned said encoding symbols has been assigned inputs said key-assigned encoding symbol, and further characterized in that a plurality of said decoding symbols are key-assigned said decoding symbols, any single element of said plurality of said key-assigned said decoding symbols being designated a key-assigned decoding symbol, such that when one of said key-assigned said encoding symbols is input, an element of a first subset of said key-assigned said decoding symbols is output, and when one of said combining said encoding symbols is input in combination with one of said key-assigned said decoding symbols, then an element of a second subset of said key-assigned said decoding symbols is output. 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein at least one of the group consisting of said first subset and said second subset consists of said explicitly selected unambiguous said decoding symbols. 19. The apparatus of claim 17 characterized in that said first subset and said second subset comprise letters selected from the set a through z and their accented counterparts. 20. The apparatus of claim 19 characterized in that said first subset comprises said letters selected from the set consisting of c, e, h, l, n, s, t, x, y. 21. The apparatus of claim 19 characterized in that said letters are assigned to said keys following a substantially alphabetic order. 22. The apparatus of claim 21 characterized in that said letters are assigned to said keys following a standard assignment of letters to a telephone keypad. 23. The apparatus of claim 16 further comprising a display coupled to a processor through appropriate interfacing circuitry, wherein said processor receives input sequences of said encoding symbols from said keyboard and manages output of sequences of said decoding symbols to said display; a memory coupled to said processor, wherein said memory comprises disambiguation software, said disambiguation software effective to map said sequences of said encoding symbols to sequences of said explicitly selected unambiguous said decoding symbols; a database of disambiguation rules which associate said sequences of said encoding symbols with said sequences of said decoding symbols. 24. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein said keys are responsive to said user activation mediated by one of the physical senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell and said display is selected from the group consisting of visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory and olfactory displays. 25. The apparatus of claim where said disambiguation software is selected from the set comprising word-based, sequence-based, prefix-based and any combination thereto. 26. The apparatus of claim 25 where said disambiguation software is operative to apply a selecting plurality of said disambiguation rules in said database of disambiguation rules, elements of said selecting plurality of said disambiguation rules characterized in that said sequences of said decoding symbols in said selecting plurality of said disambiguation rules include at least one of said explicitly selected unambiguous said decoding symbols. 27. The apparatus of claim 26 where elements of said selecting plurality of said disambiguation rules are such that said explicitly selected unambiguous said decoding symbols may occur at the beginning, interior, or end of said sequences of said decoding symbols. 28. An apparatus comprising: encoding symbols; decoding symbols; a keyboard comprising a plurality of keys responsive to user activation to generate sequences of said encoding symbols; an output which selectively outputs sequences of said decoding symbols in response to said user activation of said keyboard; an ambiguous code which maps said sequences of said encoding symbols to said sequences of said decoding symbols, wherein at least one of said sequences of said encoding symbols is mapped to a plurality of said sequences of said decoding symbols; said ambiguous code characterized in that it is strongly touch typable; an assignment of said decoding symbols to said keys; said ambiguous code together with said assignment characterized in that they substantially satisfy at least one constraint selected from the group consisting of anatomic fidelity, conservation of conventional gestures, conservation of convention, cross-platform compatibility, learnability, and scan time. 29. The apparatus of claim 28 further comprising a thumb actuatable input, said thumb actuatable input being effective to input a plurality of unambiguous said decoding symbols formed by an unambigous association of a plurality of said encoding symbols with a plurality of said decoding symbols; a palm grip, said palm grip permitting said apparatus to be slide along a surface by pressure from the palm while the hand is in a comfortable position for typing; and a display, said display being effective to display said plurality of said decoding symbols as they are input. 30. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said ambiguous code is substantially optimal with respect to at least one of lookup error rate and query error rate. 31. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said keys are laid out in one of a standard numeric keypad format and standard telephone keypad format whereby said conservation of convention is substantially satisfied. 32. The apparatus of claim 28 further characterized in that a plurality of said keys are decoding-symbol-assigned keys, such the number of said decoding-symbol-assigned keys is approximately half of the number of said decoding symbols, and not less than half of the number of said decoding symbols. 33. The apparatus of claim 32 further characterized in that said plurality of said decoding symbols consists of the letters a through z. 34. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said conservation of convention comprises substantial conservation of qwerty order and said keys are arranged in at least three rows and one to ten columns, and wherein said decoding symbols comprise letters comprising a through z, and said three rows comprise a top row; a middle row; and a bottom row; said apparatus further comprising an assignment of said letters to said keys, so that said keys comprise letter-assigned keys, said letters in order q, w, e, r, t, y, u, i, o and p are assigned by said assignment to a plurality of said letter-assigned keys in said top row of said three rows, said letters in order a, s, d, f, g, h, j, k, and l are assigned by said assignment to a plurality of said letter-assigned keys in said middle row of said three rows, said letters in order z, x, c, v, b and m are assigned by said assignment to a plurality of said letter-assigned keys in said bottom row of said three rows, futher characterized in that the number of said letter-assigned keys in each of said three rows monotonically decreases from said top row to said bottom row, in that said number of said letter-assigned keys in each of said three rows decreases or remains constant from said top row to said middle row and from said middle row to said bottom row, said assignment satisfying an even-as-possible partition given said number of said letter-assigned keys in each of said three rows and wherein said keys are laid out in a format including as a subpart one of standard numeric keypad format and standard telephone keypad format with corresponding indicia for digits so as to substantially satisfy said cross-platform compatibility. 35. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein said ambiguous code is substantially optimal with respect to at least one of lookup error rate and query error rate. 36. The apparatus of claim 28 characterized in that said assignment of said decoding symbols to said keys is partitioned across said keys according to a specified partition structure. 37. The apparatus of claim 36 wherein said specified partition structure is not even-as-possible. 38. The apparatus of claim 36 characterized in that said specified partition structure is an even-as-possible partition given the number of said keys to which said decoding symbols are assigned by said assignment of said decoding symbols to said keys. 39. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said conservation of convention comprises substantial conservation of at least one of alphabetic order and qwerty order in said assignment of said decoding symbols to said keys. 40. The apparatus of claim 39 wherein said conservation of convention comprises substantial conservation of said qwerty order and said keys are arranged in at least three rows and one to ten columns. 41. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein said decoding symbols comprise letters comprising a through z, and said three rows comprise a top row, a middle row, and a bottom row, and said keys comprise letter-assigned keys, said letters in order q, w, e, r, t, y, u, i, o and p are assigned by said assignment to a plurality of said letter-assigned keys in said top row of said three rows, said letters in order a, s, d, f, g, h, j, k, and l are assigned by said assignment to a plurality of said letter-assigned keys in said middle row of said three rows, said letters in order z, x, c, v, b, and m are assigned by said assignment to a plurality of said letter-assigned keys in said bottom row of said three rows. 42. The apparatus of claim 41 wherein the number of said letter-assigned keys in each of said three rows monotonically decreases from said top row to said bottom row, in that said number of said letter-assigned keys in each of said three rows decreases or remains constant from said top row to said middle row and from said middle row to said bottom row. 43. An ambiguous keyboard disambiguating system for a natural language, comprising: a) encoding symbols and decoding symbols;b) an ambiguous keyboard having at three rows of keys and one to ten columns of keys, both of said three rows and one to ten columns having indicia that denote one or more letters assigned to one or more keys, wherein said one or more letters are used to write common words in said natural language, wherein:each of said one or more keys corresponds to one of said encoding symbols; andeach of said one or more letters corresponds to one of said decoding symbols,the total number of said keys having at least one letter assigned to them being less than the number of said one or more letters in an alphabet used to form words in said natural language such that at least one key of said keys must have more than one letter of said alphabet assigned to it;c) said assignment of respective said one or more letters assigned to respective said keys permitting a partial conservation layout of said indicia in that in said partial conservation layout at least a ratio of 18/26 of said indicia are at or adjacent to their respective ordered positions in a letter indicia layout of a conventional typewriter keyboard for said natural language, while respecting said assignment, where said ordered positions are ordered in a conventional presentation order for said conventional typewriter keyboard;wherein said conventional typewriter keyboard layout is a non-alphabetic order for said natural language, wherein said non-alphabetic order includes at least one letter assigned to one or more keys of said ambiguous keyboard violating an alphabetic order for said natural language;wherein said ambiguous keyboard has: 1) a same set of letters, assigned to at least one row or one column of said ambiguous keyboard as are assigned to a corresponding row in a conventional typewriter keyboard;2) wherein an order of reading of said same set of letters on at least one row or at least one column of said ambiguous keyboard admits an order of reading of said same set of letters on at least one corresponding row or one corresponding column of said conventional typewriter keyboard, wherein said admittance comprises: i) an order of reading of keys of said at least one row or said at least one column of said ambiguous keyboard that is in a same order as a reading of keys of said at least one row or said at least one column of said conventional typewriter keyboard,ii) wherein said ambiguous keyboard could be relabeled with said letter indicia presented in the same order along each row as the corresponding indicia on a corresponding row of said conventional typewriter, without repetition and without violating said assignment of said letters to said keys;d) an output which selectively outputs sequences of said decoding symbols in response to user activation of said ambiguous keyboard;e) an ambiguous code which maps a sequence of said encoding symbols to one or more sequences of said decoding symbols;f) wherein at least one of said sequences of the encoding symbols is mapped to a plurality of said sequences of said decoding symbols. 44. The ambiguous keyboard of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard has a strongly touch typable property in: 1) having fixed symbol assignments,2) being based on an ambiguous code, and yet3) such that in a normal mode of operation, a touch typist can use the typable device to produce text at an acceptable level of accuracy. 45. The system of claim 44, wherein said strongly touch typable property is measured relative to a corpus containing at least 10 million words drawn at random from a general-interest newspaper in said natural language. 46. The system of claim 44, wherein said lookup rate error is equal to or greater than 50/29 times a lookup error rate for a standard telephone keypad for said natural language where both said lookup error rate and said lookup error rate for said standard telephone keypad are measured on a same given corpus of text representative of said natural language. 47. The system of claim 44, wherein said strongly touch-typable property is equal to or greater than level “A”, in that it has an acceptable level of accuracy for a user who, 1) accepts a query error rate of one query every 5 words on average, and;2) accepts a lookup error rate of one error every 50 words on average. 48. The system of claim 44, wherein said strongly touch-typable property is equal to or greater than level “B” in that it has an acceptable level of accuracy for a user who, 1) accepts a query error rate of one query every 10 words on average, and2) accepts a lookup error rate of one error every 100 words on average. 49. The system of claim 44, wherein said strongly touch-typable property is equal to or greater than level “C” for a user who, 1) accepts a query every 20 words on average, and2) accepts a lookup error every 200 words on average. 50. The ambiguous keyboard of claim 44, which has an effective key number greater than the effective key number corresponding to the point (50,5) in the (lookup error rate, query error rate) plane where lookup error rate and query error rate are normalized such that the standard ambiguous code for said natural language corresponds to the point (29, 2.2) in said (lookup error rate, query error rate) plane, and said lookup error rate and said query error rate are measured relative to a text corpus representative of said natural language. 51. The system of claim 43, wherein a count of letter-assigned said keys on each of said rows decreases monotonically from top to bottom said rows. 52. The system of claim 43, wherein said assignment of letters to said keys is an even as possible assignment on at least one of said rows, given the number of letter-assigned keys in said at least one row and the number of said letters assigned to said letter-assigned keys in said at least one row. 53. The system of claim 43, wherein said assignment is not substantially optimal, because in a count of four random trials it is more likely than not to find an other assignment with better values of lookup error rate where said lookup error rate is measured relative to a same corpus representative of said natural language for both said assignment and said other assignment. 54. The system of claim 43, wherein said assignment of said letters to said keys is not an even as possible assignment, given the total number of letter-assigned said keys of said ambiguous keyboard. 55. The system of claim 43, wherein said assignment of said letters to said keys is a not even as possible assignment on at least one of said rows, given the number of letter-assigned said keys in said at least one row and the total number of said letters assigned to said letter-assigned keys in said at least one row. 56. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard will be substantially optimal with respect to a property if it is among the best codes with respect to that property given other constraints imposed on said ambiguous keyboard. 57. The system of claim 56, wherein said property is a lookup error rate. 58. The system of claim 56, wherein said property is a query error rate. 59. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard is substantially optimal given a constraint of even as possible for letter assignments for a given row, given that said conventional typewriter keyboard is a Qwerty conventional typewriter keyboard. 60. The system of claim 56, wherein said constraint is a lookup error rate. 61. The system of claim 56, wherein said constraint is a query error rate. 62. The system of claim 56, wherein substantially optimality includes being within 5% of an absolute best of said lookup error rate, given specified constraints. 63. The system of claim 56, wherein said constraint is a lookup error rate. 64. The system of claim 56, wherein said constraint is a query error rate. 65. The system of claim 43, wherein said assignment exceeds a threshold of “level A” touch typability of 1.724 in lookup error rate, when measured in units of the lookup error rate of the standard ambiguous code for said natural language for a given corpus representative of said natural language. 66. The system of claim 43, wherein said assignment exceeds a threshold of “level A” touch typability of 2.27 in query error rate, when measured in units of query error rate of the standard ambiguous code for said natural language for a given corpus representative of said natural language. 67. The system of claim 65, wherein said conventional typewriter keyboard is a qwerty conventional typewriter keyboard. 68. The system of claim 65, wherein said ambiguous keyboard letter assignments are as even as possible on at least one row. 69. The system of claim 66, wherein said ambiguous keyboard has 5 columns of letter-assigned keys in a top of said three rows and 5 columns of letter-assigned keys in a middle of said three rows. 70. The system of claim 66, wherein said conventional typewriter keyboard is a Qwerty conventional typewriter keyboard. 71. The system of claim 70, wherein said assignment is an even as possible letter assignment for a selected row. 72. The system of claim 71, wherein said conventional typewriter keyboard is a qwerty conventional typewriter keyboard and said assignment is even as possible. 73. The system of claim 72, wherein said system is cross platform compatible, as it can transition between a telephone keyboard and a typewriter keyboard. 74. The system of claim 73, wherein the number of said letters is as near as possible to being twice the number of letter-assigned keys for said ambiguous keyboard, given qwerty letter-to-row assignments. 75. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous code is a multi-level code wherein a first sequence of encoding symbols serves to select a first subset of decoding symbols, a second sequence of encoding symbols serves to select a second subset of decoding symbols. 76. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard has a first set of letters qwertyuiop on a first row of said three rows, a second set of letters asdfghjkl on a second row of said three rows, and a third set of letters zxcvbnm on a third row of said three rows. 77. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard includes said set of letters in any given order: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz. 78. The system of claim 43, wherein a number letter-assigned said keys has a cardinality of a nearest whole number to half of a cardinality of said letters, given qwerty letter-to-row assignments, wherein said assignment is as even as possible letter assignment for a selected row. 79. The system of claim 78, wherein said letters are a-z of the English alphabet. 80. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard is foldable. 81. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard is included in a steering wheel. 82. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard is incorporated into a computer mouse. 83. The system of claim 43, wherein said conventional order is selected from a group that includes at least one of: a qwerty order; andan azerty order. 84. The system of claim 43, where said conventional typewriter keyboard for said natural language is a qwerty conventional typewriter keyboard. 85. The system of claim 43, wherein said conventional typewriter keyboard for said natural language is a close variant to a qwerty conventional typewriter keyboard. 86. The system of claim 43, wherein a “presentation order” is a direction in which that letters are read in it its natural language; and wherein said “reading order” is a directional pattern in which words are conventionally read in said natural language, along lines and from line to line. 87. The system of claim 86, wherein said: assignment permits a layout of indicia in which said indicia may be read in a reading order for said natural language in the same way as said indicia are read on said conventional typewriter keyboard for said natural language. 88. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard has a strongly touch typable property in: a) having fixed symbol assignments,b) based on an ambiguous code, and yetc) such that in a normal mode of operation, a touch typist can use the typable device to produce text at an acceptable level of accuracy,wherein a corpus of words used by which said strongly touch typable is measured is with at least 10 million words of a general purpose newspaper,wherein said look up rate error is equal to or greater than 50/29 times the lookup error rate of the standard ambiguous code for said natural languagewherein said strongly touch-typable property is equal to or greater than level “A”, in that a user, a) accepts a query error rate of one query every 5 words on average, and;b) accepts a lookup error rate of one lookup error every 50 words on average. 89. The system of claim 43, wherein said ambiguous keyboard has a first set of letters qwertyuiop on a first row of said three rows, a second set of said letters asdfghjkl on a second row of said three rows, and a third set of said letters zxcvbnm on a third row of said three rows, wherein the number of said letter-assigned said keys is no less than half of the number of said letters. 90. The system of claim 89, in which said assignment is even as possible. 91. The system of claim 89, wherein the number of letter-assigned said keys is as close as possible to half the number of said letters. 92. The ambiguous keyboard of claim 91, wherein said ambiguous keyboard has a strongly touch typable property in: 1) having fixed symbol assignments,2) being based on an ambiguous code, and yet3) such that in a normal mode of operation, a touch typist can use the typable device to produce text at an acceptable level of accuracy. 93. The system of claim 91, wherein said strongly touch typable property is measured relative to a corpus containing at least 10 million words drawn at random from a general-interest newspaper in said natural language. 94. The system of claim 91, wherein said lookup rate error is equal to or greater than 50/29 times a lookup error rate for a standard telephone keypad for said natural language where both said lookup error rate and said lookup for a standard telephone keypad are measured on a same given corpus of text representative of said natural language. 95. The system of claim 91, wherein said strongly touch-typable property is equal to or greater than level “A”, in that it has an acceptable level of accuracy for a user who, 1) accepts a query error rate of one query every 5 words on average, and;2) accepts a lookup error rate of one error every 50 words on average. 96. The system of claim 91, wherein said strongly touch-typable property is equal to or greater than level “B” in that it has an acceptable level of accuracy for a user who, 1) accepts a query error rate of one query every 10 words on average, and2) accepts a lookup error rate of one error every 100 words on average. 97. The system of claim 91, wherein said strongly touch-typable property is equal to or greater than level “C” for a user who, 1) accepts a query every 20 words on average, and2) accepts a lookup error every 200 words on average. 98. The ambiguous keyboard of claim 91, which has an effective key number greater than the effective key number corresponding to the point (50,5) in the (lookup error rate, query error rate) where lookup error rate and query error rate are normalized such that the standard ambiguous code for said natural language corresponds to the point (29, 2.2) in said (lookup error rate, query error rate) plane, and said lookup error rate and said query error rate are measured relative to a text corpus representative of said natural language. 99. The system of claim 91, wherein a count of letter-assigned said keys on each of said rows decreases monotonically from top to bottom said rows. 100. The system of claim 99, wherein said assignment of letters to said keys is an even as possible assignment on at least one of said rows, given the number of letter-assigned keys in said at least one row and the number of said letters assigned to said letter-assigned keys in said at least one row. 101. The system of claim 91, wherein said assignment is not substantially optimal, because in a count of four random trials it is more likely than not to find an other assignment with better values of lookup error rate where said lookup error rate is measured relative to a same corpus representative of said natural language for both said assignment and said other assignment. 102. The system of claim 101, wherein said assignment of said letters to said keys is not an even as possible assignment, given the total number of letter-assigned said keys of said ambiguous keyboard. 103. The system of claim 43, wherein no said key has more than two said letters assigned to it. 104. The system of claim 103, further comprising a first mode and a second mode, wherein said letters are said decoding symbols in said first mode, and digits are said decoding symbols in said second mode. 105. The system of claim 104, where said digits correspond to indicia arranged such that said second mode can function as a conventional telephone. 106. The system of claim 43, where said ambiguous keyboard is substantially optimal given a constraint of even as possible for letter assignments for letter-assigned keys and given a constraint that said conventional typewriter keyboard is a qwerty conventional typewriter keyboard. 107. An ambiguous keyboard disambiguating system for a natural language comprising: a) encoding and decoding symbols;b) an ambiguous keyboard having at least three rows of keys and four to ten columns of keys, both of said three rows and four to ten columns having indicia that denote one or more letters assigned to one or more keys, wherein said one or more letters are used to write common words in said natural language, wherein:each of said one or more keys corresponds to one of said encoding symbols; andeach of said one or more letters corresponds to one of said decoding symbols, the total number of said keys having at least one letter assigned to them being less than the number of said one or more letters in an alphabet used to form words in said natural language such that at least one key of said keys must have more than one letter of said alphabet assigned to it;wherein said ambiguous keyboard could be relabeled with said letter indicia presented in continuous alphabetic order along each row without repetition and without violating said assignment of said letters to said keys;wherein said indicia may be presented in continuous alphabetic order along each row without violating said assignment of said letters to said keys;d) an output which selectively outputs sequences of said decoding symbols in response to user activation of said ambiguous keyboard;e) an ambiguous code which maps a sequence of said encoding symbols to one or more sequences of decoded symbols;f) at least one of said sequences of the encoding symbols is mapped to a plurality of said sequences of said decoding symbols. 108. The system of claim 107, wherein said keyboard has a strongly touch typable property in: 1) having fixed symbol assignments,2) being based on an ambiguous code, and yet3) such that in a normal mode of operation, a touch typist can use the typable device to produce text at an acceptable level of accuracy. 109. The system of claim 108, wherein said strongly touch typable property is measured relative to a corpus containing at least 10 million words drawn at random from a general-interest newspaper in said natural language. 110. The system of claim 107, wherein a count of letter-assigned said keys on each of said rows decreases monotonically from top to bottom said rows. 111. The system of claim 107, wherein said assignment of said letters to said keys is not an even as possible assignment, given the total number of letter-assigned said keys of said ambiguous keyboard. 112. The system of claim 107, wherein said assignment of said letters to said keys is a not even as possible assignment on at least one of said rows, given the number of letter-assigned said keys in said at least one row and the total number of said letters assigned to said letter-assigned keys in said at least one row. 113. The system of claim 107, wherein said ambiguous code is a multi-level code wherein a first sequence of encoding symbols serves to select a first subset of decoding symbols, a second sequence of encoding symbols serves to select a second subset of decoding symbols. 114. The system of claim 107, wherein said ambiguous keyboard is foldable. 115. The system of claim 107, wherein said ambiguous keyboard is included in a steering wheel. 116. The system of claim 107, wherein said ambiguous keyboard is incorporated into a computer mouse. 117. The system of claim 107, wherein a “presentation order” is a direction in which that letters are read in it its natural language; and wherein said “reading order” is a directional pattern in which words are conventionally read in said natural language, along lines and from line to line. 118. The system of 107, wherein no said key has more than two said letters assigned to it. 119. The system of claim 107, further comprising a first mode and a second mode, wherein said letters are decoding systems in said first mode, and digits are decoding symbols in said second mode. 120. The system of claim 119, where said digits correspond to indicia arranged such that said second mode can function as a conventional telephone.
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