A cross-flow electrochemical cell for producing electricity is disclosed that incorporates means for cross-flow pumping of electrolyte through both anode and cathode electrodes in the same direction to achieve markedly higher discharging and charging currents. Cross-flow pumping enabling use of thic
A cross-flow electrochemical cell for producing electricity is disclosed that incorporates means for cross-flow pumping of electrolyte through both anode and cathode electrodes in the same direction to achieve markedly higher discharging and charging currents. Cross-flow pumping enabling use of thick mesh electrodes comprising scaffolds impregnated with high-surface-area metal nanoparticles and having high porosity are also taught.
대표청구항▼
1. An electrochemical battery (100, 200) for connection to an electrical circuit (146, 246) comprising: a. a first porous electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x) of one polarity that can be connected to the electrical circuit (146, 246);b. a second porous electrode (116x, 216x, 114x, 214x) of an opposite
1. An electrochemical battery (100, 200) for connection to an electrical circuit (146, 246) comprising: a. a first porous electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x) of one polarity that can be connected to the electrical circuit (146, 246);b. a second porous electrode (116x, 216x, 114x, 214x) of an opposite polarity that can be connected to the electrical circuit (146, 246);c. a dielectric gap (118x, 218x) interfaced between the electrodes (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x), andd. means (124, 126106X, 104X, 130, 132, 134, 224, 226, 206, 204, 230, 232, 234) for pumping electrolyte cross-flow: i. from within the first electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x),ii. across the dielectric gap (118x, 218x),iii. into the second electrode (116x, 216x, 114x, 214x), andiv. back into the first electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x). 2. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 1 wherein at least one of the electrodes (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x) has: a thickness of at least 3,175 μm. 3. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 1 wherein at least one of the electrodes (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x) has: a thickness in the range of 3,175-12,700 μm. 4. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 1 wherein: at least one of the electrodes (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x) comprises scaffolds (400) having cell pores (406) constituting 80% to 97% of the gross electrode volume. 5. The electrochemical battery (100,200) of claim 4 wherein at least one of the electrodes comprises: a porous current collector (400) in electrical contact with faradaic material particles (408) secured within its pores (406). 6. The electrochemical battery (100,200) of claim 5 wherein the porous current collector (400) comprises: an open-cell matrix containing faradaic materials (408) secured within its pores (406). 7. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 4 comprising in addition: carbon nanotubes (404) extending from the pore surfaces (402) into the cell pores (406). 8. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 4 wherein the scaffolds (400) have: jagged faradaic material surfaces (402). 9. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 5 wherein the particles (408) are made from: an alloy comprising an element that can be dissolved in a strong aqueous solution to produce jagged faradaic material surfaces. 10. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 5 wherein the particles (408) have: enclosing diameters in the range of 2 nm to 5 μm. 11. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 5 wherein the particles (408) are: mixed with filaments (404). 12. The electrochemical battery (100,200) of claim 11 wherein the filaments (404) are: carbon nanotubes. 13. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 1 comprising in addition: a fluid-transparent membrane (119x, 219x) separating the electrodes. 14. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) claim 1 wherein: the electrolyte in the dielectric gap (118x, 218x) is aqueous. 15. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 14 wherein the aqueous electrolyte is: an alkaline electrolyte. 16. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 15 wherein the alkaline electrolyte comprises: an hydroxide. 17. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 14 wherein the aqueous electrolyte is: an acid electrolyte. 18. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 17 wherein the acid electrolyte comprises: at least three oxygen atoms per molecule. 19. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 1 wherein: a. at least one electrode (114x, 214x) comprises lithium, andb. the electrolyte in the dielectric gap (118x, 218x) is a solvent containing a lithium salt. 20. The electrochemical battery (100,200) of claim 19 wherein the solvent is: an organic liquid. 21. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 1 wherein: a. the first electrode (114x, 214x) is an anode containing lithium intercalated carbon particles (408); andb. the second electrode (116x, 216x) is a cathode containing lithium spinel particles (408). 22. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 21 wherein the lithium spinel particles (408) have enclosing diameter sizes in a range of: 2 to 7 microns. 23. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 19 wherein the electrode comprising lithium is: the first electrode (114x, 214x) and is an anode;and the means (124, 126106x, 104x, 130, 132, 134, 224, 226, 206, 204, 230, 232, 234) for pumping electrolyte cross-flow pumps electrolyte during both discharging and charging cycles: i. from within the first electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x),ii. across the dielectric gap (118x, 218x),iii. into the second electrode (116x, 216x, 114x, 214x), andiv. back into the first electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x). 24. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 1 comprising in addition: means (160, 260, 264x, 266, 268x, 270) for providing feedback control to adjust chemical variables in the electrolyte. 25. The electrochemical battery (100, 200) of claim 1 comprising in addition: means (160, 260, 264x, 266, 268x, 270) for regulating the velocity of electrolyte flowing through an electrode in response to the magnitude of electrical current flowing in the electrical circuit (146, 246). 26. In an electrochemical battery (100, 200) for connection to an electrical circuit (146, 246) and containing: first (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x) and second (116x, 216x, 114x, 214x) porous electrodes for connection to the electrical circuit (146, 246) and a dielectric gap (118x, 218x) for electrolyte between the electrodes (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x),an improvement comprising:means (124, 224) for pumping the electrolyte cross-flow in the same direction from: i. from within the first electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x),ii. across the dielectric gap (118x, 218x),iii. into the second electrode (116x, 216x, 114x, 214x), andiv. back into the first electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x). 27. A method of converting chemical energy into electrical energy in a galvanic cell containing a first porous electrode (116x, 216x) of one polarity, a second porous electrode (114x, 214x) of an opposite polarity and a dielectric gap (118x, 218x) interfaced between the electrodes (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x,) comprising the step of: pumping electrolyte cross-flow: i. from within the first electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x),ii. across the dielectric gap (118x, 218x),iii. into the second electrode (116x, 216x, 114x, 214x), andiv. back into the first electrode (114x, 116x, 214x, 216x).
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이 특허에 인용된 특허 (7)
Markoski, Larry J.; Moore, Jeffrey S.; Lyding, Joseph W., Electrochemical cells comprising laminar flow induced dynamic conducting interfaces, electronic devices comprising such cells, and methods employing same.
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