Fuel cell devices and fuel cell systems, methods of using same, and methods of making same are provided. In certain embodiments, the fuel cell devices may include one or more active layers containing active cells that are connected electrically in parallel and/or series. In certain embodiments, the
Fuel cell devices and fuel cell systems, methods of using same, and methods of making same are provided. In certain embodiments, the fuel cell devices may include one or more active layers containing active cells that are connected electrically in parallel and/or series. In certain embodiments, the fuel cell devices include an elongate ceramic support structure the length of which is the greatest dimension such that the coefficient of thermal expansion has only one dominant axis coextensive with the length. In certain embodiments, a reaction zone is positioned along a first portion of the length for heating to a reaction temperature, and at least one cold zone is positioned along a second portion of the length for operating below the reaction temperature. There are one or more gas passages, each having an associated anode or cathode. In some embodiments, ceramic end tubes are permanently attached to the ceramic support structure to supply gases to the passages. In certain embodiments, a multilayer active structure is attached upon a flat tube having a plurality of channels therein for feeding gases into the passages of the multilayer active structure. In other embodiments, multilayer active structures are provided in which the electrodes contain pluralities of microtubular or nanotubular passages for feeding gases thereto. In yet other embodiments, the multilayer active structure is contained within a ceramic support structure that includes two elongate members that extend outwardly from one edge for feeding gases into the multilayer active structure.
대표청구항▼
1. A fuel cell device comprising: a ceramic support structure having a reaction zone configured to be heated to an operating reaction temperature, and having a first active layer and a second active layer therein in the reaction zone extending in spaced relation with an intervening ceramic layer and
1. A fuel cell device comprising: a ceramic support structure having a reaction zone configured to be heated to an operating reaction temperature, and having a first active layer and a second active layer therein in the reaction zone extending in spaced relation with an intervening ceramic layer and/or a shared gas passage therebetween to electrically insulate the first active layer from the second active layer;a first active cell in the first active layer comprising a first pair of opposing first and second electrodes with a first electrolyte therebetween;a second active cell in the second active layer comprising a second pair of opposing first and second electrodes with a second electrolyte therebetween, wherein the first electrodes are one of an anode and a cathode, and the second electrodes are the other of the anode and the cathode; andan electrical interconnection between the first electrodes formed by a portion of one or both of the first electrodes of the first and second pairs deviating from the spaced relation to extend through the intervening ceramic layer and/or shared gas passage to make physical and electrical contact between the first electrodes thereby electrically connecting the first and second active cells in parallel. 2. The fuel cell device of claim 1, wherein the ceramic support structure is an elongate substrate having a length that is the greatest dimension whereby the elongate substrate exhibits thermal expansion along a dominant axis that is coextensive with the length. 3. The fuel cell device of claim 2, wherein the reaction zone is positioned along a first portion of the length, and wherein the ceramic support structure further includes at least one cold zone positioned along a second portion of the length configured to remain at a temperature below the operating reaction temperature when the reaction zone is heated. 4. The fuel cell device of claim 3, wherein the first electrodes and the second electrodes each have an electrical pathway extending to the at least one cold zone for electrical connection at the low temperature below the operating reaction temperature. 5. The fuel cell device of claim 1 further comprising: a third active cell in the second active layer comprising a third pair of opposing first and second electrodes with a third electrolyte therebetween; anda series interconnect comprising a conductive material between one first electrode selected from the second and third pairs and one second electrode selected from the other of the second and third pairs thereby connecting the second and third active cells in series in the second active layer. 6. The fuel cell device of claim 1 wherein the first active layer and the second active layer extend in spaced relation with the shared gas passage therebetween and the electrical interconnection is formed in the shared gas passage. 7. A fuel cell system comprising: a hot zone chamber;a plurality of the fuel cell devices of claim 4, each positioned with the first portion in the hot zone chamber and the at least one cold zone extending outside the hot zone chamber;a heat source coupled to the hot zone chamber and adapted to heat the reaction zones to the operating reaction temperature within the hot zone chamber;a negative voltage connection in the at least one cold zone in electrical contact with the electrical pathways of the anodes; anda positive voltage connection in the at least one cold zone in electrical contact with the electrical pathways of the cathodes. 8. The fuel cell system of claim 7 further comprising: a fuel passage associated with each of the anodes in each of the plurality of fuel cell devices, the fuel passage extending from the at least one cold zone through the reaction zone;an oxidizer passage associated with each of the cathodes in each of the plurality of fuel cell devices, the oxidizer passage extending from the at least one cold zone through the reaction zone;a fuel supply coupled outside the hot zone chamber to each of the at least one cold zones in fluid communication with the fuel passages for supplying a fuel flow into the fuel passages; andan air supply coupled outside the hot zone chamber to each of the at least one cold zones in fluid communication with the oxidizer passages for supplying an air flow into the oxidizer passages. 9. A fuel cell device comprising: a ceramic support structure having a reaction zone configured to be heated to an operating reaction temperature, and having a first active layer and a second active layer therein in the reaction zone, wherein the reaction zone is positioned along a first portion of the length, and wherein the ceramic support structure further includes at least one cold zone positioned along a second portion of the length configured to remain at a temperature below the operating reaction temperature when the reaction zone is heated;a first active cell in the first active layer comprising a first anode, a first cathode and a first electrolyte therebetween;a second active cell in the second active layer comprising a second anode, a second cathode and a second electrolyte therebetween; andan electrical interconnection between a pair of like electrodes, wherein the pair of like electrodes is either the first and second anodes or the first and second cathodes, and wherein the pair of like electrodes includes a parallel section in which the pair of like electrodes are oriented in parallel and physically spaced apart and a distorted section in which the pair of like electrodes deviate from the parallel orientation to make physical and electrical contact, the distorted section providing the electrical interconnection and thereby connecting the first and second active cells in parallel, andwherein the first and second anodes and the first and second cathodes each have an electrical pathway extending to the at least one cold zone for electrical connection at the low temperature below the operating reaction temperature. 10. A fuel cell system comprising: a hot zone chamber;a plurality of the fuel cell devices of claim 9, each positioned with the first portion in the hot zone chamber and the at least one cold zone extending outside the hot zone chamber;a heat source coupled to the hot zone chamber and adapted to heat the reaction zones to the operating reaction temperature within the hot zone chamber;a negative voltage connection in the at least one cold zone in electrical contact with the electrical pathways of the first and second anodes; anda positive voltage connection in the at least one cold zone in electrical contact with the electrical pathways of the first and second cathodes. 11. The fuel cell system of claim 10 further comprising: a fuel passage associated with each of the first and second anodes in each of the plurality of fuel cell devices, the fuel passage extending from the at least one cold zone through the reaction zone;an oxidizer passage associated with each of the first and second cathodes in each of the plurality of fuel cell devices, the oxidizer passage extending from the at least one cold zone through the reaction zone;a fuel supply coupled outside the hot zone chamber to each of the at least one cold zones in fluid communication with the fuel passages for supplying a fuel flow into the fuel passages; andan air supply coupled outside the hot zone chamber to each of the at least one cold zones in fluid communication with the oxidizer passages for supplying an air flow into the oxidizer passages.
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