A smart vortex generator including a main body, disposed on a body surface, such as a main wing of aircraft, making a boundary to a flow of fluid, and at least a part of which includes a shape memory alloy. A form of the main body, depending on a temperature increment/decrement of the fluid, changes
A smart vortex generator including a main body, disposed on a body surface, such as a main wing of aircraft, making a boundary to a flow of fluid, and at least a part of which includes a shape memory alloy. A form of the main body, depending on a temperature increment/decrement of the fluid, changes between (1) a first form capable of suppressing a flow separation by a vortex generation and (2) a second form capable of suppressing a turbulent flow, by a phenomenon that the shape memory alloy undergoes a phase transformation between a high-temperature-side stable phase and a low-temperature-side stable phase. The smart vortex generator demonstrates a multi-directional characteristic depending on a temperature change, such that no energy supply from the outside is required. The structure is simple, and repairs and maintenance as well as installation to existing wings are easy.
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1. A smart vortex generator to be placed on a body surface, which makes a boundary to a flow of fluid, thereby suppressing a flow separation, which occurs at the body surface, and thereby demonstrating a multi-directional characteristic depending on a temperature change of the fluid, the smart vorte
1. A smart vortex generator to be placed on a body surface, which makes a boundary to a flow of fluid, thereby suppressing a flow separation, which occurs at the body surface, and thereby demonstrating a multi-directional characteristic depending on a temperature change of the fluid, the smart vortex generator comprising: a main body disposed on the body surface, at least a part of the main body comprising a shape memory alloy; andthe smart vortex generator is configured so that, depending on a temperature increment/decrement of the fluid, a form of the main body changes between (1) a first form, which is capable of suppressing a flow separation by a vortex generation, and (2) a second form, which is capable of suppressing a turbulent flow, by a phenomenon that the shape memory alloy undergoes a phase transformation between a high-temperature-side stable phase, which is stable on a higher temperature side, and a low-temperature-side stable phase, which is stable on a lower temperature side. 2. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 1, wherein: the shape memory alloy exhibits a one-way shape memory effect;the smart vortex generator further includes auxiliary-force giving means disposed in a predetermined relationship with respect to the main body, and giving a predetermined auxiliary force, as at least a part of a bias force required for demonstration of the multi-directional characteristic, to the shape memory alloy; andthe smart vortex generator is further configured so that, when a temperature of the fluid reaches a transformation start temperature of the shape memory alloy in the temperature decrement process, the shape memory alloy is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives an external load acting onto the shape memory alloy in service, the shape memory alloy starts transforming from the high-temperature-side stable phase to the low-temperature-side stable phase, and so that, when the temperature of the fluid reaches a reverse transformation start temperature of the shape memory alloy in the temperature increment process, the shape memory alloy is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the shape memory alloy starts transforming reversely from the low-temperature-side stable phase to the high-temperature-side stable phase. 3. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 2, wherein the smart vortex generator is further configured so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a reverse transformation finish temperature or more of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the first form; and so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a transformation finish temperature or less of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the second form. 4. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 2, wherein the smart vortex generator is further configured so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a transformation finish temperature or less of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the first form; and so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a reverse transformation finish temperature or more of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the second form. 5. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 2, wherein the auxiliary-force giving means includes an elastic body for giving an elastic force, as the auxiliary force, to the shape memory alloy. 6. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 5, wherein the elastic body includes a blade spring. 7. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 1, wherein: the shape memory alloy exhibits a one-way shape memory effect;the main body is configured so that a fluidic force of the fluid, as a bias force required for demonstration of the multi-directional characteristic, is given to the shape memory alloy from a predetermined direction; andthe smart vortex generator is further configured so that, when the temperature of the fluid reaches a transformation start temperature of the shape memory alloy in a temperature decrement process, the shape memory alloy is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives an external load acting onto the shape memory alloy in service, the shape memory alloy starts transforming from the high-temperature-side stable phase to the low-temperature-side stable phase; and so that, when the temperature of the fluid reaches a reverse transformation start temperature of the shape memory alloy in a temperature increment process, the shape memory alloy is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the shape memory alloy starts transforming reversely from the low-temperature-side stable phase to the high-temperature-side stable phase. 8. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 7, wherein the smart vortex generator is further configured so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a reverse transformation finish temperature or more of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the first form; and so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a transformation finish temperature or less of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the second form. 9. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 7, wherein the smart vortex generator is further configured so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a transformation finish temperature or less of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the first form; and so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a reverse transformation finish temperature or more of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the second form. 10. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 1, wherein the smart vortex generator is further configured so that the shape memory alloy exhibits a multi-directional shape memory effect; and the form of the main body changes between the first form and the second form by the multi-directional shape memory effect at least. 11. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 10, wherein the smart vortex generator is further configured so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a reverse transformation finish temperature or more of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives an external load acting onto the shape memory alloy in service, the main body maintains the first form, a high-temperature-side shape-memorized configuration; and so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a transformation finish temperature or less of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the second form, a low-temperature-side shape-memorized configuration. 12. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 10, wherein the smart vortex generator is further configured so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a transformation finish temperature or less of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the first form, a low-temperature-side shape-memorized configuration; and so that, when the temperature of the fluid is a reverse transformation finish temperature or more of the shape memory alloy, which is put in such a state that the shape memory alloy receives the external load, the main body maintains the second form, a high-temperature-side shape-memorized configuration. 13. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 1, wherein the main body includes: a base portion fixed onto the body surface; anda vortex generating portion rising in a predetermined rise posture with respect to the base portion to demonstrate a flow-separation suppressing function when the main body is put into the first form, and additionally turning into a predetermined inclined posture with respect to the base portion to demonstrate a turbulent-flow suppressing function when the main body is put into the second form. 14. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 13, wherein the main body comprises: a plate-shaped body in which the base portion and the vortex generating portion, which rises at a predetermined rise angle with respect to the base portion by curving or bending from an end periphery of the base portion, are formed integrally; andat least a curved portion or a bent portion, and the boundary portion between the base portion and the vortex generating portion, comprises the shape memory alloy or the super-elastic alloy. 15. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 13, wherein: the shape memory alloy exhibits a one-way shape memory effect; andthe shape memory alloy is subjected to a shape-memorizing treatment so that the vortex generating portion rises at a predetermined rise angle with respect to the base portion by curving or bending from the base portion. 16. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 13, wherein: the shape memory alloy exhibits a one-way shape memory effect; andthe shape memory alloy is subjected to a shape-memorizing treatment so that the vortex generating portion turns into a predetermined inclined posture in which the vortex generating portion inclines in a direction of lessening a rise angle with respect to the base portion. 17. The smart vortex generator set forth in claim 13, wherein: the shape memory alloy exhibits a multi-directional shape memory effect; andthe shape memory alloy is subjected to a shape-memorizing treatment so that the vortex generating portion rises at a predetermined rise angle with respect to the base portion by curving or bending from the base portion, and the shape memory alloy is subjected to a shape-memorizing treatment so that the vortex generating portion turns into a predetermined inclined posture in which the vortex generating portion inclines in a direction of lessening the rise angle. 18. An aircraft comprising: the smart vortex generator set forth in claim 1, on a wing surface thereof,wherein the main body is configured to maintain the first form during at least a part of takeoff and landing, and to maintain the second form during cruising. 19. A vessel, wherein the smart vortex generator set forth in claim 1 is disposed on a hull surface thereof, or on a surface of a wing installed to a hull thereof. 20. A rotary machine, wherein the smart vortex generator set forth in claim 1 is disposed on a wing surface thereof. 21. A smart vortex generator to be placed on a body surface which makes a boundary to a flow of fluid, wherein the temperature of the flow of fluid is different for at least two operational states of the body surface, the smart vortex generator comprising: a main body to be disposed on the body surface, at least a part of the main body comprising a super-elastic shape memory alloy exhibiting a shape memory effect between a first form of the main body which is capable of suppressing a flow separation by a vortex generation in the fluid when the main body is at a temperature higher than a phase transformation temperature, and a second form of the main body which is capable of suppressing a turbulent flow of the fluid when the main body is at a temperature lower than a phase transformation temperature; andauxiliary-force giving means disposed in a predetermined relationship with respect to the main body and giving a predetermined auxiliary force to the main body in the first form of the main body, as at least a part of a bias force required for demonstration of a multi-directional characteristic, whereinthe phase transformation characteristics of the super-elastic alloy are such that the bias force will cause a phase transformation of the shape memory alloy from the first form to the second form, and from the second form to the first form, as a result of the temperature difference of the fluid between the two operational states of the body surface.
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McKillip ; Jr. Robert M., Actuating device with multiple stable positions.
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