Wireless energy transfer with high-Q sub-wavelength resonators
원문보기
IPC분류정보
국가/구분
United States(US) Patent
등록
국제특허분류(IPC7판)
H03H-009/00
H02J-017/00
출원번호
US-0639972
(2009-12-16)
등록번호
US-8400021
(2013-03-19)
발명자
/ 주소
Joannopoulos, John D.
Karalis, Aristeidis
Soljacic, Marin
출원인 / 주소
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
대리인 / 주소
Fish & Richardson P.C.
인용정보
피인용 횟수 :
124인용 특허 :
76
초록▼
Described herein are embodiments of transferring electromagnetic energy that includes a first electromagnetic resonator structure receiving energy from an external power supply, said first resonator structure may have a first mode with a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, and a first
Described herein are embodiments of transferring electromagnetic energy that includes a first electromagnetic resonator structure receiving energy from an external power supply, said first resonator structure may have a first mode with a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, and a first Q-factor Q1=ω1L1/R1ohm+R1rad). A second electromagnetic resonator structure being positioned distal from said first resonator structure and not electrically wired to the first resonator structure, said second resonator structure having a second mode with a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and a second Q-factor Q2=ω2L2/(R2ohm+R2rad). The electromagnetic energy may be transferred from said first resonator structure to said second resonator structure over a distance D that is smaller than each of the resonant wavelengths λ1 and λ2 corresponding to the resonant frequencies ω1 and ω2, respectively, where the characteristic sizes of the resonator structures are less than the resonant wavelengths and where Q1100, Q2100, R1ohmR1rad, and R2ohmR2rad.
대표청구항▼
1. A system of transferring electromagnetic energy comprising: a first electromagnetic resonator receiving energy from a power supply, said first electromagnetic resonator having a first mode with a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, an inductance L1, and a first Q-factor Q1=ω1L1/(R1o
1. A system of transferring electromagnetic energy comprising: a first electromagnetic resonator receiving energy from a power supply, said first electromagnetic resonator having a first mode with a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, an inductance L1, and a first Q-factor Q1=ω1L1/(R1ohm+R1rad), wherein R1ohm is the ohmic component of resistance in the first electromagnetic resonator and R1rad is the radiative component of resistance in the first resonator;a second electromagnetic resonator being positioned distal from said first electromagnetic resonator and not electrically wired to the first electromagnetic resonator, said second electromagnetic resonator having a second mode with a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and inductance L2, and a second Q-factor Q2=ω2L2/(R2ohm+R2rad), wherein R2ohm is the ohmic component of resistance in the second electromagnetic resonator and R2rad is the radiative component of resistance in the second electromagnetic resonator; andwherein electromagnetic energy is wirelessly transferred from said first electromagnetic resonator to said second electromagnetic resonator over a distance D that is smaller than each of the resonant wavelengths λ1 and λ2 corresponding to the resonant frequencies ω1 and ω2, respectively,wherein √{square root over (Q1Q2)}>100, R1ohm>R1rad, and R2ohm>R2rad. 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising an energy drain coupled to the second electromagnetic resonator. 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the energy drain comprises a robot, vehicle, computer, cell phone, or a portable electronic device. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein Q1>100. 5. The system of claim 1, wherein Q2>100. 6. The system of claim 1, wherein Q1>100 and Q2>100. 7. The system of claim 1, further comprising a third electromagnetic resonator, coupled to an energy drain, located at a variable distance from the first electromagnetic resonator, and wherein the first electromagnetic resonator and the third electromagnetic resonator are coupled to wirelessly transfer electromagnetic energy from the first electromagnetic resonator to the third electromagnetic resonator. 8. The system of claim 7, further comprising the energy drain coupled to the third electromagnetic resonator. 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a third electromagnetic resonator, coupled to another power supply, located at a variable distance from the second electromagnetic resonator, and wherein the third electromagnetic resonator and the second electromagnetic resonator are coupled to wirelessly transfer electromagnetic energy from the third electromagnetic resonator to the second electromagnetic resonator. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the electromagnetic resonators is a tunable electromagnetic resonator. 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the electromagnetic resonators are movable relative to one another and wherein the wireless energy transfer occurs over a range of distances. 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the range of distances includes 5 cm. 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the range of distances includes 10 cm. 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the range of distances includes 30 cm. 15. The system of claim 11, wherein κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>0.2 over the range of distances. 16. The system of claim 15, wherein κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>0.5 over the range of distances. 17. The system of claim 15, wherein κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>1 over the range of distances. 18. The system of claim 11, wherein an efficiency of the wireless energy transfer is at least 20% over the range of distances. 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the resonant frequencies f1=ω1/2π and f2=ω2/2π are each at least 5 MHz. 20. The system of claim 1, further comprising a feedback mechanism coupled to at least one of the electromagnetic resonators to correct for detuning. 21. The system of claim 1, wherein an energy drain is coupled to the second electromagnetic resonator, and wherein the power supply and the energy drain are configured to be driven to increase a ratio of useful-to-lost power for varying wireless energy transfer rates κ between the first electromagnetic resonator and the second electromagnetic resonator. 22. The system of claim 1, wherein the first electromagnetic resonator and second electromagnetic resonator are configured to be adjustably tuned to increase a ratio of useful-to-lost power for varying wireless energy transfer rates κ between the first electromagnetic resonator and the second electromagnetic resonator. 23. The system of claim 1, wherein the first electromagnetic resonator and the second electromagnetic resonator have different characteristic sizes. 24. The system of claim 1, wherein characteristic sizes of the electromagnetic resonators are less than the resonant wavelengths of the electromagnetic resonators, respectively. 25. A method of transferring electromagnetic energy comprising: providing a first electromagnetic resonator receiving energy from a power supply, said first electromagnetic resonator having a first mode with a resonant frequency ω1, an intrinsic loss rate Γ1, an inductance L1, and a first Q-factor Q1=ω1L1/(R1ohm+R1rad), wherein R1ohm is the ohmic component of resistance in the first electromagnetic resonator and R1rad is the radiative component of resistance in the first electromagnetic resonator;providing a second electromagnetic resonator being positioned distal from said first electromagnetic resonator and not electrically wired to the first electromagnetic resonator, said second electromagnetic resonator having a second mode with a resonant frequency ω2, an intrinsic loss rate Γ2, and inductance L2, and a second Q-factor Q2=ω2L2/(R2ohm+R2rad), wherein R2ohm is the ohmic component of resistance in the second electromagnetic resonator and R2rad is the radiative component of resistance in the second electromagnetic resonator; andtransferring electromagnetic energy wirelessly from said first electromagnetic resonator to said second electromagnetic resonator over a distance D that is smaller than each of the resonant wavelengths λ1 and λ2 corresponding to the resonant frequencies ω1 and ω2, respectively,wherein √{square root over (Q1Q2)}>100, R1ohm>R1rad, and R2ohm>R2rad. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein an energy drain is coupled to the second electromagnetic resonator. 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the energy drain comprises a robot, vehicle, computer, cell phone, or a portable electronic device. 28. The method of claim 25, wherein Q1>100. 29. The method of claim 25, wherein Q2>100. 30. The method of claim 25, wherein Q1>100 and Q2>100. 31. The method of claim 25, wherein a third electromagnetic resonator, coupled to an energy drain, is located at a variable distance from the first electromagnetic resonator, and wherein the first electromagnetic resonator and the third electromagnetic resonator are coupled to wirelessly transfer electromagnetic energy from the first electromagnetic resonator to the third electromagnetic resonator. 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the energy drain is coupled to the third electromagnetic resonator. 33. The method of claim 25, wherein a third electromagnetic resonator, coupled to another power supply, is located at a variable distance from the second electromagnetic resonator, and wherein the third electromagnetic resonator and the second electromagnetic resonator are coupled to wirelessly transfer electromagnetic energy from the third electromagnetic resonator to the second electromagnetic resonator. 34. The method of claim 25, wherein at least one of the electromagnetic resonators is a tunable resonator. 35. The method of claim 25, wherein the electromagnetic resonators are movable relative to one another and wherein the wireless energy transfer occurs over a range of distances. 36. The method of claim 35, wherein the range of distances includes 5 cm. 37. The method of claim 35, wherein the range of distances includes 10 cm. 38. The method of claim 35, wherein the range of distances includes 30 cm. 39. The method of claim 35, wherein κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>0.2 over the range of distances. 40. The method of claim 39, wherein κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}>0.5 over the range of distances. 41. The method of claim 39, wherein κ/√{square root over (Γ1Γ2)}1 over the range of distances. 42. The method of claim 35, wherein an efficiency of the wireless energy transfer is at least 20% over the range of distances. 43. The method of claim 25, wherein resonant frequencies f1=ω1/2π and f2=ω2/2π are each at least 5 MHz. 44. The method of claim 25, wherein a feedback mechanism is coupled to at least one of the electromagnetic resonators to correct for frequency detuning. 45. The method of claim 25, wherein an energy drain is coupled to the second electromagnetic resonator, and wherein the power supply and the energy drain are driven to increase a ratio of useful-to-lost power for varying wireless energy transfer rates κ between the first electromagnetic resonator and the second electromagnetic resonator. 46. The method of claim 25, wherein the first electromagnetic resonator and second electromagnetic resonator are adjustably tuned to increase a ratio of useful-to-lost power for varying wireless energy transfer rates κ between the first electromagnetic resonator and the second electromagnetic resonator. 47. The method of claim 25, wherein the first electromagnetic resonator and the second electromagnetic resonator have different characteristic sizes. 48. The method of claim 25, wherein characteristic sizes of the electromagnetic resonators are less than the resonant wavelengths of the electromagnetic resonators, respectively.
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