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Systems for transmitting information symbols utilize ternary codes or pivot codes in conjunction with spread spectrum encoding. The systems comprise at least a first symbol source for supplying an information signal comprising at least a first stream of I,Q bit pairs, means for using either a ternar

Systems for transmitting information symbols utilize ternary codes or pivot codes in conjunction with spread spectrum encoding. The systems comprise at least a first symbol source for supplying an information signal comprising at least a first stream of I,Q bit pairs, means for using either a ternary code or at least one pivot code for spreading the at least first stream of I,Q bit pairs and thereby respectively forming first chips and second chips, and a radio signal modulator for transmitting the first chips and second chips over a radio interface.

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1. A method of generating a ternary code for use in spreading an information signal, the method comprising: using a processor to select a first code from a set of binary spreading codes to serve as a pivot code, the pivot code having non-zero number of members of a first binary value and non-zero nu

1. A method of generating a ternary code for use in spreading an information signal, the method comprising: using a processor to select a first code from a set of binary spreading codes to serve as a pivot code, the pivot code having non-zero number of members of a first binary value and non-zero number of members of a second binary value;using the processor to select positions of the pivot code having one of the first binary value and the second binary value to serve as first target positions;using the processor to select a second code from the set of binary spreading codes to serve as a derivation code;using the processor to replace chips of the second code corresponding to the first target positions of the pivot code with a non-binary value and thereby forming a first ternary spreading code. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising using the processor to: select positions of the pivot code having another of the first binary value and the second binary value to serve as second target positions;replace chips of the second code corresponding to the second target positions of the pivot code with a non-binary value and thereby forming a second ternary spreading code. 3. A method of spreading an information signal comprising: using an processor to select a first code from a set of binary spreading codes to serve as a pivot code, the pivot code having an equal non-zero number of members of a first binary value and members of a second binary value;using the processor to select positions of the pivot code having one of the first binary value and the second binary value to serve as first target positions;using the processor to select a second code from the set of binary spreading codes to serve as a derivation code;using the processor to replace chips of the second code corresponding to the first target positions of the pivot code with a non-binary value and thereby forming a first ternary spreading code; and,the processor using the first ternary spreading code to spread bits of the information signal. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising: using the processor to select positions of the pivot code having another of the first binary value and the second binary value to serve as second target positions;using the processor to replace chips of the second code corresponding to the second target positions of the pivot code with a non-binary value and thereby forming a second ternary spreading code;the processor using the first ternary spreading code to spread a first data symbol and using the second ternary spreading code to spread a second data symbol. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein said set of binary spreading codes are mutually orthogonal. 6. A method of deriving lower spreading-factor codes from a set of higher spreading-factor codes, each chip of said lower spreading-factor codes having values denoted by ‘A’, ‘B’ or null, comprising: using a processor to select a first, higher spreading-factor code to be a pivot code, the pivot code comprising a non-zero number of ‘A’-valued symbols and a non-zero number of ‘B’-valued symbols;using the processor to select a second, higher spreading-factor code from which to derive two lower spreading-factor codes;using the processor to select chips of said second, higher spreading-factor code corresponding to positions of chips of value ‘A’ in said pivot code, placing null-valued chips in remaining chip positions in said pivot code to form a first lower-spreading-factor code, andusing the processor to select chips of said second code corresponding to positions of chips of value ‘B’ in said pivot code, placing null-valued chips in remaining chip positions in said pivot code to form a second lower-spreading-factor code. 7. The method according to claim 6, wherein said set of higher spreading-factor codes are mutually orthogonal. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein said lower spreading factor codes are mutually orthogonal and orthogonal to said higher spreading factor codes excluding said selected pivot code and said second, higher spreading factor code. 9. The method of claim 6, wherein said value denoted by ‘A’ is a signal level of +1, wherein said value ‘B’ is a signal level of −1, and wherein said null value is a signal level of zero. 10. The method of claim 6, further comprising: using the first lower-spreading-factor code and the second lower-spreading-factor code to spread data symbols and obtain a chip sequence; scrambling the chip sequence using a real or complex scrambling code. 11. An information symbol transmitter comprising: at least a first symbol source for supplying an information signal comprising at least a first stream of I,Q bit pairs;means for using either a ternary code or at least one pivot code for spreading the at least first stream of I,Q bit pairs and thereby respectively forming first chips and second chips;a radio signal modulator for transmitting the first chips and second chips over a radio interface;wherein the information symbol transmitter is configured to:select a first code from a set of binary spreading codes to serve as a pivot code, the pivot code having non-zero number of members of a first binary value and non-zero number of members of a second binary value;select positions of the pivot code having one of the first binary value and the second binary value to serve as first target positions;select a second code from the set of binary spreading codes to serve as a derivation code;replace chips of the second code corresponding to the first target positions of the pivot code with a non-binary value and thereby generating the ternary code.