A field emission device is configured as a heat engine.
대표청구항▼
1. An apparatus comprising: a cathode;an anode, wherein the anode and cathode are receptive to a first power source to produce an anode electric potential higher than a cathode electric potential;a gate positioned between the anode and the cathode, the gate being receptive to a second power source t
1. An apparatus comprising: a cathode;an anode, wherein the anode and cathode are receptive to a first power source to produce an anode electric potential higher than a cathode electric potential;a gate positioned between the anode and the cathode, the gate being receptive to a second power source to produce a gate electric potential selected to induce electron emission from the cathode for a first set of electrons having energies above a first threshold energy;a suppressor positioned between the gate and the anode, the suppressor being receptive to a third power source to produce a suppressor electric potential selected to induce electron emission from the anode;at least one region including gas located between the cathode and anode; andat least one path traversable for a first portion of the first set of electrons, extending from the cathode, through the gate, through the region including gas, through the suppressor, and to the anode. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the first threshold energy is substantially equal to the Carnot-efficiency energy. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein suppressor electric potential is further selected to block electron emission from the anode for a second set of electrons having energies below a second threshold energy. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein the first threshold energy is substantially equal to the second threshold energy. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a dielectric layer supported by the cathode, the dielectric layer being supportive of the gate. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cathode and anode are separated by a distance that is 10-1000 nm. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cathode and the gate are separated by a distance that is 1-100 nm. 8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the anode and the suppressor are separated by a distance that is 1-100 nm. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a screen grid positioned between the gate and the suppressor, the screen grid being receptive to a fourth power source to produce a screen grid electric potential. 10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the cathode includes at least one field emission enhancement feature. 11. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: circuitry operably connected to at least one of the first, second and third power sources to vary at least one of the anode, gate and suppressor electric potentials relative to the cathode potential. 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the circuitry is receptive to signals to determine a relative thermodynamic efficiency of the apparatus and to dynamically vary at least one of the anode, gate and suppressor electric potentials responsive to the determined relative thermodynamic efficiency. 13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the circuitry is receptive to signals to determine a relative power density of the apparatus and to dynamically vary at least one of the anode, gate, and suppressor electric potentials responsive to the determined relative power density. 14. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising: a housing having a volume arranged to support the cathode, anode, gate, and suppressor, and supportive of an internal pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising: a pump operably connected to the housing to change the internal pressure. 16. A method comprising: applying a gate electric potential to selectively release a first set of electrons from a bound state in a first region;applying a suppressor electric potential to selectively release a second set of electrons from emission from a bound state in a second region different from the first region, the second region having an anode electric potential that is greater than a cathode electric potential of the first region; andpassing a portion of the first set of electrons through a gas-filled region and binding the passed portion of the first set of electrons in the second region. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the bound, passed portion of the first set of electrons in the second region form a current, and further comprising: measuring a property of the current; andvarying at least one of the gate electric potential, suppressor electric potential, and anode electric potential according to the measured property of the current. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein the bound, passed portion of the first set of electrons in the second region form a current, and further comprising: powering a device with the current. 19. The method of claim 16 further comprising: measuring a temperature of the first region; andvarying at least one of the gate electric potential, suppressor electric potential, and anode electric potential according to the measured temperature of the first region. 20. The method of claim 16 further comprising: measuring a temperature of the second region; andvarying at least one of the gate electric potential, suppressor electric potential, and anode electric potential according to the measured temperature of the second region. 21. The method of claim 16 further comprising: determining a relative thermodynamic efficiency; andvarying at least one of the gate and suppressor electric potentials in response to the determined relative thermodynamic efficiency. 22. The method of claim 21 wherein determining a relative thermodynamic efficiency includes: measuring at least one of a current in the second region, a temperature in the second region, and a temperature in the first region. 23. The method of claim 16 further comprising: heating the first region; andvarying the gate electric potential according to a change in temperature of the first region. 24. The method of claim 16 wherein further comprising: cooling the second region; andvarying the gate electric potential according to a change in temperature of the second region. 25. The method of claim 16 further comprising: varying at least one of the gate electric potential, suppressor electric potential, and anode electric potential as a function of time. 26. The method of claim 16 further comprising: accelerating the first set of electrons with the gate and suppressor electric potentials in a first direction. 27. The method of claim 16 further comprising: applying the suppressor potential to pass at least a portion of the first set of electrons while selectively blocking the second set of electrons. 28. The method of claim 16 further comprising: passing a portion of the second set of electrons through a gas-filled region and binding the passed portion of the second set of electrons in the first region. 29. An apparatus comprising: circuitry configured to receive a first signal corresponding to a heat engine, the heat engine including an anode, cathode, gas-filled region, gate and suppressor;circuitry configured to process the first signal to determine a first relative power output of the heat engine as a function of an anode electric potential, a gate electric potential, and a suppressor electric potential;circuitry configured to produce a second signal based on a second power output greater than the first power output; andcircuitry configured to transmit the second signal corresponding to the second power output. 30. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the circuitry configured to produce the second signal includes: circuitry configured to determine a change in at least one of the anode, gate and suppressor electric potentials. 31. The apparatus of claim 30 further comprising: circuitry configured to vary at least one of the anode, gate, and suppressor electric potentials in response to the determined change. 32. A heat engine comprising: a cathode having a first temperature;an anode having a second temperature lower than the first temperature, wherein the anode and cathode are receptive to a first power source to produce an anode electric potential higher than a cathode electric potential;a gate positioned between the anode and the cathode, the gate being receptive to a second power source to produce a gate electric potential selected to induce electron emission from the cathode for a first set of electrons having energies above a first threshold energy;a suppressor positioned between the gate and the anode, the suppressor being receptive to a third power source to produce a suppressor electric potential selected to induce electron emission from the anode;at least one region including gas located between the cathode and anode; andat least one path traversable for a portion of the first set of electrons extending from the cathode, through the gate, through the region including gas, through the suppressor, and to the anode. 33. An apparatus comprising: a cathode;an anode, wherein the anode and cathode are receptive to a first power source to produce an anode electric potential higher than a cathode electric potential;a gate positioned between the anode and the cathode, the gate being receptive to a second power source to produce a gate electric potential selected to induce electron emission from the cathode for a first set of electrons having energies above a first threshold energy;a suppressor positioned between the gate and the anode, the suppressor being receptive to a third power source to produce a suppressor electric potential, wherein the suppressor electric potential is selected to be less than a sum of the anode electric potential and an anode work function;at least one region including gas located between the cathode and anode; andat least one path traversable for a first portion of the first set of electrons, extending from the cathode, through the gate, through the region including gas, through the suppressor, and to the anode.
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