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The invention is a novel solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack comprising individual bi-electrode supported fuel cells in which a thin electrolyte is supported between electrodes of essentially equal thickness. Individual cell units are made from graded pore ceramic tape that has been created by the fr

The invention is a novel solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack comprising individual bi-electrode supported fuel cells in which a thin electrolyte is supported between electrodes of essentially equal thickness. Individual cell units are made from graded pore ceramic tape that has been created by the freeze cast method followed by freeze drying. Each piece of graded pore tape later becomes a graded pore electrode scaffold that subsequent to sintering, is made into either an anode or a cathode by means of appropriate solution and thermal treatment means. Each cell unit is assembled by depositing of a thin coating of ion conducting ceramic material upon the side of each of two pieces of tape surface having the smallest pore openings, and then mating the coated surfaces to create an unsintered electrode scaffold pair sandwiching an electrolyte layer. The opposing major outer exposed surfaces of each cell unit is given a thin coating of electrically conductive ceramic, and multiple cell units are stacked, or built up by stacking of individual cell layers, to create an unsintered fuel cell stack. Ceramic or glass edge seals are installed to create flow channels for fuel and air. The cell stack with edge sealants is then sintered into a ceramic monolithic framework. Said solution and thermal treatments means convert the electrode scaffolds into anodes and cathodes. The thin layers of electrically conductive ceramic become the interconnects in the assembled stack.

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1. A method for making a fuel cell comprising: producing a solid oxide, non-electrically conductive, unitary ceramic monolith framework including: a first porous electrode scaffold having a plurality of graded pores and no active anode material;a second porous electrode scaffold having a plurality o

1. A method for making a fuel cell comprising: producing a solid oxide, non-electrically conductive, unitary ceramic monolith framework including: a first porous electrode scaffold having a plurality of graded pores and no active anode material;a second porous electrode scaffold having a plurality of graded pores and no active cathode material; anda thin electrolyte layer disposed between the first and the second electrode scaffolds;sintering the solid oxide, non-electrically conductive, unitary ceramic monolithic framework together having no active anode or cathode material therein;subsequently impregnating the plurality of graded pores of the first porous electrode scaffold with an electrically conductive active anode material; andsubsequently impregnating the plurality of graded pores of the second porous electrode scaffold with an electrically conductive active cathode material. 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising: depositing a thin electrically conductive ceramic coating onto the two outermost exposed surfaces of each of the first and second porous electrode scaffolds. 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising: requiring thin electrically conductive electrical coating deposited on the outer surface of each of the first and second porous electrode scaffolds to have essentially the same coefficient of thermal expansion as the first and second porous electrode scaffolds and the thin electrolyte layer. 4. The method of claim 2 further comprising: using doped LaCrO.sub.3 as the material for the thin electrically conductive coating deposited on the outer surface of each of the first and second porous electrode scaffolds. 5. The method of claim 2 further comprising: requiring the thin electrically conductive coating deposited on the outer surface of each of the first and second porous electrode scaffolds to have a thickness in the range of about 2 um to about 200 um. 6. The method of claim 5 further comprising: requiring the thin electrically conductive coating deposited on the outer surface of each of the first and second porous electrode scaffolds to have a preferred thickness in the range of about 5 um to about 25 um. 7. The method of claim 2 further comprising: placing a ceramic sealant over two opposing edges of the first porous electrode scaffold and two opposing edges of the second porous electrode scaffold. 8. The method of claim 7 further comprising: requiring each ceramic sealant to have essentially the same coefficient of thermal expansion as the first and second porous electrode scaffolds, the thin electrolyte layer, and the thin electrically conductive ceramic coatings. 9. The method of claim 1 further comprising: requiring the first porous electrode scaffold and the second porous electrode scaffold each to have a thickness in the range of about 100 um to about 1,500 um. 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising: requiring the first porous electrode scaffold and the second porous electrode scaffold each to have a preferred thickness in the range about 300 um to about 750 um. 11. The method of claim 1 further comprising: wherein the solid oxide monolith framework is comprised of essentially one material, that one material being an ionic conductor. 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising: requiring that the ionic conductor of oxygen ions is selected from the group of materials consisting essentially of doped oxides of zirconium, cerium, bismuth, hafnium, thorium, indium, and uranium, and further, ionic conductors selected from the group of materials consisting essentially of yttria stabilized zirconia, partially stabilized zirconia, scandia stabilized zirconia, gadolinium doped ceria samarium doped ceria and yttrium doped ceria, and a perovskite oxide conductor, strontium and magnesium-doped lanthanum gallate or LasrGaMgO.sub.3. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising: requiring that the first porous electrode scaffold and the second porous electrode scaffold each comprises a plurality of graded pores, each having a small end and a large end, that are oriented more or less perpendicular to the thin electrolyte layer; the small end having a small diametrical pore dimensions; and the large end having a large diametrical pore dimensions. 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising: providing that the graded pores of the first porous electrode scaffold and the second porous electrode scaffold have characteristic small diametrical pore dimensions in the range of about 0.5 um to about 15 um. 15. The method of claim 13 further comprising: providing that the graded pores of the first porous electrode scaffold and the second porous electrode scaffold have preferred characteristic small diametrical pore dimensions in the range of about 2 um to about 10 um. 16. The method of claim 13 further comprising: providing that the graded pores of the first porous electrode scaffold and the second porous electrode scaffold have characteristic large diametrical pore dimensions in the range of about 25 um to about 125 um. 17. The method of claim 13 further comprising: providing that the graded pores of the first porous electrode scaffold and the second porous electrode scaffold have preferred characteristic large diametrical pore dimensions in the range of about 50 um to about 100 um. 18. The method of claim 13 further comprising: providing that the graded pores of the first porous electrode scaffold and the second electrode are oriented such that the small ends of the pores are adjacent the thin electrolyte layer and the large ends are distal from the thin electrolyte layer. 19. The method of claim 1 further comprising: providing that the thin electrolyte layer has a thickness in the range of about 2 um to about 200 um. 20. The method of claim 19 further comprising: providing that the thin electrolyte layer has a preferred thickness in the range of about 5 um to about 25 um. 21. The method of claim 1 further comprising: providing that the active anode material within the first porous electrode scaffold and the active cathode material within the second porous electrode scaffold is selected from the group of materials consisting of metals and metal oxides.