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Methods, apparatus, and kits for enhancing breathing in patients suffering from chronic pulmonary obstructive disease are described. The methods and apparatus rely on increasing flow resistance to expiration in a manner which mimics “pursed lip” breathing which has been found to benefit patients suf

Methods, apparatus, and kits for enhancing breathing in patients suffering from chronic pulmonary obstructive disease are described. The methods and apparatus rely on increasing flow resistance to expiration in a manner which mimics “pursed lip” breathing which has been found to benefit patients suffering from this disease. In a first example, a device is implanted in a trachea or bronchial passage to increase flow resistance, preferably selectively increase resistance to expiration relative to inspiration. In a second embodiment, a mouthpiece is provided, again to increase resistance to expiration, preferably with a lesser increase in flow resistance to inspiration. In a third embodiment, the patient's trachea or bronchial passage is modified by the application of energy in order to partially close the lumen therethrough.

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1. A method of treating a subject with a removable device that may be applied and removed by the subject, the method comprising: removably securing the device so that the subject may breathe through the device;moving a movable element during inspiration to an open position to allow airflow through t

1. A method of treating a subject with a removable device that may be applied and removed by the subject, the method comprising: removably securing the device so that the subject may breathe through the device;moving a movable element during inspiration to an open position to allow airflow through the device; andmoving the movable element to at least a partially closed position during exhalation to create a resistance to airflow through the device. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein securing the device comprises securing the device to the subject's face. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein securing the device comprises securing the device in the subject's mouth. 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising instructing the subject to wear the device while sleeping. 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising instructing the subject to remove the device. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein moving a movable element during inspiration comprises opening a flap valve. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein moving the movable element to at least partially closed position during exhalation comprises creating a resistance to airflow through the device during exhalation that is greater than the resistance during inspiration. 8. A method of treating a subject with a removable device that may be applied and removed by the subject, the method comprising: removably securing the device so that the subject may breathe through the device while sleeping;moving a movable element during inspiration to an open position to allow airflow through the device at a first flow resistance; andmoving the movable element to at least a partially closed position during exhalation to create a second flow resistance that is greater than the first flow resistance. 9. The method of claim 8, wherein securing the device comprises securing the device to the subject's face. 10. The method of claim 8, wherein securing the device comprises securing the device in the subject's mouth. 11. The method of claim 8, further comprising instructing the subject to wear the device while sleeping. 12. The method of claim 8, further comprising instructing the subject to remove the device. 13. The method of claim 8, wherein moving a movable element during inspiration comprises opening a flap valve. 14. A method of treating a subject with a removable device that may be applied and removed by the subject, the method comprising: providing the removable device to the subject, wherein the removable device comprises a movable element configured to be displaced during inspiration to open the device and allow airflow through the device, wherein the movable element is further configured to at least partially close the device during exhalation to create a resistance to airflow through the device; andinstructing the subject to apply the device so that the subject may breathe through the device while sleeping. 15. The method of claim 14, further comprising instructing the subject to sleep while wearing the device. 16. The method of claim 14, further comprising instructing the subject to remove the device. 17. The method of claim 14, wherein instructing the subject to apply the device comprises instructing the subject to secure the device to the face. 18. The method of claim 14, wherein instructing the subject to apply the device comprises instructing the subject to secure the device in the mouth.