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Some embodiments of the present invention provide a system that adaptively charges a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode. During operation, the syste

Some embodiments of the present invention provide a system that adaptively charges a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode. During operation, the system determines a lithium surface concentration at an interface between the transport-limiting electrode and the electrolyte separator based on a diffusion time for lithium in the transport-limiting electrode. Next, the system calculates a charging current or a charging voltage for the battery based on the determined lithium surface concentration. Finally, the system applies the charging current or the charging voltage to the battery.

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1. A method for adaptively charging a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode, comprising while the battery is charging: charging the battery with a fixe

1. A method for adaptively charging a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode, comprising while the battery is charging: charging the battery with a fixed current for a fixed time period;entering a zero current state in which the charging current is set to zero;during the zero current state, measuring an open circuit voltage for the battery at two times while the open circuit voltage relaxes toward a steady state; andcalculating the diffusion time τ based on the measured open circuit voltages;calculating a lithium surface concentration based on the diffusion time τ, a state of charge of the battery q and a temperature of the battery T;calculating a charging current or a charging voltage for the battery based on the calculated lithium surface concentration; andapplying the charging current or the charging voltage to the battery. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the transport-limiting electrode is a negative electrode; andwherein the non-transport-limiting electrode is a positive electrode. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the negative electrode is comprised of graphite and/or TiS2;wherein the electrolyte separator is a liquid electrolyte comprised of LiPF6, LiBF4 and/or LiClO4 and an organic solvent; andwherein the positive electrode is comprised of LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiFePO4 and/or Li2FePO4F. 4. An adaptive charging mechanism for a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode, comprising: a current sensor configured to measure a charging current for the battery;a voltage sensor configured to measure a voltage across terminals of the battery;a charging source configured to apply a charging current or a charging voltage to the battery;a controller configured to receive inputs from the current sensor and the voltage sensor and configured to send a control signal to the charging source;wherein, while the battery is charging, the controller is configured to: charge the battery with a fixed current for a fixed time period,enter a zero current state in which the charging current is set to zero,during the zero current state, measure an open circuit voltage for the battery at two times while the open circuit voltage relaxes toward a steady state, andcalculate the diffusion time τ based on the measured open circuit voltages,calculate a lithium surface concentration based on the diffusion time τ, a state of charge of the battery q and a temperature of the battery T,calculate a charging current or a charging voltage for the battery based on the calculated lithium surface concentration, andapply the charging current or the charging voltage to the battery. 5. A lithium-ion battery with an adaptive charging mechanism, comprising: a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion;an electrolyte separator;a non-transport-limiting electrode;a current sensor configured to measure a charging current for the battery;a voltage sensor configured to measure a voltage across terminals of the battery;a charging source configured to apply a charging current or a charging voltage to the battery;a controller configured to receive inputs from the current sensor and the voltage sensor, and configured to send a control signal to the charging source;wherein, while the battery is charging, the controller is configured to: charge the battery with a fixed current for a fixed time period,enter a zero current state in which the charging current is set to zero,during the zero current state, measure an open circuit voltage for the battery at two times while the open circuit voltage relaxes toward a steady state, andcalculate the diffusion time τ based on the measured open circuit voltages,calculate a lithium surface concentration based on the diffusion time τ, a state of charge of the battery q and a temperature of the battery T,calculate a charging current or a charging voltage for the battery based on the calculated lithium surface concentration, andapply the charging current or the charging voltage to the battery. 6. The battery of claim 5, wherein the transport-limiting electrode is a negative electrode; andwherein the non-transport-limiting electrode is a positive electrode. 7. The battery of claim 6, wherein the negative is comprised of graphite and/or TiS2;wherein the electrolyte separator is a liquid electrolyte comprised of LiPF6, LiBF4 and/or LiClO4 and an organic solvent; andwherein the positive electrode is comprised of LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiFePO4 and/or Li2FePO4F. 8. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by a controller for a battery cause the controller to perform a method for adaptively charging a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery which includes a transport-limiting electrode governed by diffusion, an electrolyte separator and a non-transport-limiting electrode, the method comprising while the battery is charging: charging the battery with a fixed current for a fixed time period;entering a zero current state in which the charging current is set to zero;during the zero current state, measuring an open circuit voltage for the battery at two times while the open circuit voltage relaxes toward a steady state; andcalculating the diffusion time τ based on the measured open circuit voltages;calculating a lithium surface concentration based on the diffusion time τ, a state of charge of the battery q and a temperature of the battery T;calculating a charging current or a charging voltage for the battery based on the calculated lithium surface concentration; andapplying the charging current or the charging voltage to the battery.