Method and apparatus for electro-chemical reaction
원문보기
IPC분류정보
국가/구분
United States(US) Patent
등록
국제특허분류(IPC7판)
C25B-001/00
H01M-008/02
H01M-008/04
C25B-015/02
C25B-009/10
H01M-008/10
H01M-008/24
출원번호
US-0713458
(2007-03-02)
등록번호
US-8834700
(2014-09-16)
발명자
/ 주소
Marsh, Stephen A.
출원인 / 주소
Encite, LLC
대리인 / 주소
Hamilton, Brook, Smith & Reynolds, P.C.
인용정보
피인용 횟수 :
6인용 특허 :
24
초록▼
A method and an apparatus of reacting reaction components. The method comprises electro-chemically reacting reaction components on opposite sides of at least one membrane with at least one catalyst encompassing a respective volume. In another embodiment, the method includes conducting electrolysis,
A method and an apparatus of reacting reaction components. The method comprises electro-chemically reacting reaction components on opposite sides of at least one membrane with at least one catalyst encompassing a respective volume. In another embodiment, the method includes conducting electrolysis, such as electrolysis of water. The apparatus includes at least one membrane with first and second sides encompassing a respective volume. The apparatus further includes at least one catalyst coupled to the first and second sides to electro-chemically react reaction components on the first and second sides in gaseous communication with the at least one catalyst, and a cover coupled to the at least one membrane to separate flow paths on the first and second sides.
대표청구항▼
1. A method of reacting reaction components comprising: electro-chemically reacting reaction components in an array of reaction cells created directly on a substrate, the reaction components being reacted on opposite sides of at least one ion exchange membrane with catalyst configured to encompass a
1. A method of reacting reaction components comprising: electro-chemically reacting reaction components in an array of reaction cells created directly on a substrate, the reaction components being reacted on opposite sides of at least one ion exchange membrane with catalyst configured to encompass a volume of a flow path of at least one of the reaction components; the ion exchange membrane providing a separation of the reaction components on the opposite sides of the exchange membrane;wherein electro-chemically reacting reaction components includes conducting electrolysis and enabling, via an electrical circuit on the substrate, application of a potential difference to the opposite sides of the at least one ion exchange membrane in the array of reaction cells. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein electro-chemical reacting reaction components includes conducting electrolysis of water. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein electro-chemical reacting reaction components includes conducting electrolysis for electrometallurgy or anodization. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein electro-chemical reacting reaction components includes conducting electrolysis to manufacture elements. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein conducting electrolysis includes producing hydrogen, sodium, lithium, aluminum, sodium, or potassium. 6. The method according to claim 1 wherein enabling application of the potential difference includes applying the potential difference and changing the potential difference over time. 7. The method according to claim 6 wherein applying the potential difference includes increasing the potential difference to accelerate the reaction. 8. The method according to claim 6 wherein applying the potential difference includes decreasing the potential difference to decelerate the reaction. 9. The method according to claim 6 wherein applying the potential difference includes cycling the potential difference. 10. The method according to claim 6 wherein applying the potential difference includes generating a potential difference to cause heating at the at least one exchange membrane. 11. The method according to claim 1 further including operating a subset of the array as fuel cells in a manner generating heat. 12. The method according to claim 11 further including applying a potential difference on opposite sides of membranes in a subset of the array in thermal proximity to the subset generating heat. 13. The method according to claim 1 further including introducing at least one other reaction component and further electro-chemically reacting the reaction components. 14. The method according to claim 1 further including outputting a product produced by electro-chemically reacting the reaction components. 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein outputting the product includes outputting the product in a manner selected from a group consisting of: extracting, expelling, draining, releasing, or venting. 16. The method according to claim 14 wherein the product is at least one of the components in a different state from the state prior to the electro-chemical reacting. 17. The method according to claim 16 wherein the different state is a different thermal state or physical state. 18. The method according to claim 14 further including participating with at least one other reaction and wherein outputting the product includes presenting the product to the at least one other reaction. 19. The method according to claim 18 further including outputting a byproduct of the electro-chemical reaction to the at least one other reaction. 20. The method according to claim 1 wherein the reaction components are selected from a group consisting of: solids, pseudo-solids, liquids, pseudo-liquids, gases, or combinations thereof. 21. The method according to claim 1 further including applying a potential difference across the at least one exchange membrane selected from a group consisting of: DC, AC, fixed frequency, arbitrary waveform, or combinations thereof. 22. The method according to claim 21 further including changing a profile of the potential difference during different stages of a reaction or within a single stage of a reaction. 23. The method according to claim 1 further including monitoring the electro-chemical reaction. 24. The method according to claim 23 wherein monitoring the electrochemical reaction includes: feeding back at least one metric associated with the electro-chemical reaction measured by the monitoring; andregulating or controlling the electro-chemical reaction as a function of the at least one metric. 25. The method according to claim 24 wherein the at least one metric includes at least one of the following: temperature, pressure, humidity, time, or concentration of at least one of the reaction components. 26. The method according to claim 24 further including: applying a potential difference across the at least one exchange membrane; andfeeding back at least one metric associated with the electrochemical reaction measured by the monitoring; andadjusting the potential difference as a function of the parameter measured to control or regulate electro-chemically reacting the reaction components. 27. The method according to claim 1 further including electro-chemically reacting different reaction components in different reactions across the array of membranes. 28. The method according to claim 1 wherein the volume is less than one cubic millimeter. 29. The method according to claim 1 wherein the catalyst includes multiple catalysts. 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction cells are micro-scale chemical reactors. 31. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate is a semiconductor wafer. 32. The method of claim 1, wherein power is applied to the array of reaction cells. 33. The method of claim 1, wherein the potential difference is applied to an anode and a cathode to induce the electrochemical reaction. 34. The method of claim 33, further comprising changing a profile of the potential difference, thereby inducing or enhancing the electrochemical reaction. 35. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrochemical reaction is a first electrochemical reaction that is conducted in a first subset of reaction cells of the array of reaction cells, and a second electrochemical reaction is conducted in a second subset of reaction cells of the array of reaction cells while the first electrochemical reaction is conducted. 36. The method of claim 1, wherein reaction cells in the array of reaction cells comprise: at least one ion exchange membrane with first and second sides encompassing a respective volume;at least one catalyst coupled to the first and second sides to electro-chemically react the reaction components on the first and second sides in gaseous communication with the at least one catalyst; and a cover coupled to the at least one ion exchange membrane to separate flow paths on the first and second sides. 37. An apparatus for reacting reaction components, comprising: at least one ion exchange membrane with first and second sides encompassing a respective volume;at least one catalyst coupled to the first and second sides to electro-chemically react reaction components on the first and second sides in gaseous communication with the at least one catalyst; anda cover coupled to the at least one membrane to separate flow paths on the first and second sides, wherein the at least one membrane with the at least one catalyst is configured to electro-chemically react reaction components through electrolysis. 38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the at least one membrane with the at least one catalyst is configured to conduct electrolysis of water. 39. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein the at least one membrane with the at least one catalyst is configured to conduct electrolysis for electrometallurgy or anodization. 40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein the at least one membrane with the at least one catalyst is configured to conduct electrolysis to manufacture elements. 41. The apparatus of claim 40, wherein the at least one membrane with the at least one catalyst is configured to produce hydrogen, sodium, lithium, aluminum, or potassium. 42. The apparatus according to claim 37, further including a flow path introducing at least one other reaction component to react with the reaction components. 43. The apparatus according to claim 37, further including an outlet configured to output a product produced by reacting the reaction components. 44. The apparatus according to claim 43, wherein the output is further configured to output the product in a manner selected from a group consisting of: extracting, expelling, draining, releasing, or venting. 45. The apparatus according to claim 43, wherein the product is at least one of the components in a different state from the state prior to the electro-chemical reacting. 46. The apparatus according to claim 43, wherein the at least one membrane with at least one catalyst is in a proximity to participate with at least one other reaction and wherein the output is configured to present the product to the least one other reaction. 47. The apparatus according to claim 46, wherein the output is further configured to output a byproduct of the electro-chemical reaction to the at least one other reaction. 48. The apparatus according to claim 37, wherein the reaction components are selected from a group consisting of: solids, pseudo-solids, liquids, pseudo-liquids, gases, or combinations thereof 49. The apparatus according to claim 37, further including a controller configured to cause membranes with catalysts to apply a potential difference across the at least one membrane selected from a group consisting of: DC, AC, fixed frequency, arbitrary waveform, or combinations thereof. 50. The apparatus according to claim 49, wherein the controller is configured to cause a change in profile of a potential difference during different stages of a reaction over a single stage of a reaction. 51. The apparatus according to claim 37, further including a monitor to monitor the electro-chemical reaction. 52. The apparatus according to claim 51, wherein the monitor includes: a feedback output to feed back at least one metric associated with the electro- chemical reaction measured; andwherein the controller is configured to regulate or control the electro-chemical reaction as a function of the at least one metric. 53. The apparatus according to claim 52, wherein the at least one metric includes at least one of the following: temperature, pressure, humidity, time, or concentration of at least one of the reaction components. 54. The apparatus according to claim 52, wherein the controller is configured to cause the membranes with substrate to apply a potential difference across the at least one membrane; and further including a feedback unit to feed back at least one metric associated with the electro-chemical reaction; andwherein the controller is configured to adjust the potential differences a function of the metric measured to control or regulate electro-chemically reacting reaction components. 55. The apparatus according to claim 37, wherein the at least one membrane is an array of membranes with catalysts configured to electro-chemically react the different reaction components in different reactions across the array of membranes. 56. The apparatus according to claim 37, wherein the volume is less than one cubic millimeter. 57. An apparatus for reacting reaction components, comprising: at least one ion exchange membrane with first and second sides encompassing a respective volume;at least one catalyst coupled to the first and second sides to electro-chemically react reaction components on the first and second sides in gaseous communication with the at least one catalyst;a cover coupled to the at least one membrane to separate flow paths on the first and second sides; anda controller configured to cause multiple membranes with catalysts to generate a potential difference on opposite sides of the at least one membrane to electrochemically react the reaction components. 58. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the controller further is configured to cause the membranes with catalysts to change the potential difference over time. 59. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the controller is configured to cause the membranes with catalysts to increase the potential difference to accelerate the reaction. 60. The apparatus according to claim 58, wherein the controller is configured to cause the membranes with catalysts to decrease the potential difference to decelerate the reaction. 61. The apparatus according to claim 57 wherein the controller is configured to cause the membranes with catalysts to cycle the potential difference. 62. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the controller is configured to cause the membranes with catalysts to generate a potential difference to cause heating at the at least one membrane. 63. The apparatus according to claim 57, wherein the at least one membrane is an array of membranes with catalysts and wherein the controller is configured to operate a subset of the array as fuel cells in a manner generating heat. 64. The apparatus according to claim 63, wherein the controller is further configured to cause a set of membranes with at least one catalyst to apply a potential difference to opposite sides of membranes in a subset of the array in thermal proximity to the subset generating heat.
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