A field emission device is configured as a heat engine, wherein the configuration of the heat engine is variable as a function of time. A method corresponding to a field emission device comprises applying an anode electric potential to an anode region that is greater than a cathode electric potentia
A field emission device is configured as a heat engine, wherein the configuration of the heat engine is variable as a function of time. A method corresponding to a field emission device comprises applying an anode electric potential to an anode region that is greater than a cathode electric potential of a cathode region, applying a gate electric potential to a gate region to release a set of electrons from the cathode region, passing the set of electrons from the gate region to a suppressor region, applying a suppressor electric potential to decelerate the set of electrons between the suppressor region and the anode region, binding the set of electrons in the anode region, and varying at least one of the anode electric potential, gate electric potential, and suppressor electric potential as a function of time.
대표청구항▼
1. A method corresponding to an apparatus including a cathode region, a gate region, a suppressor region, and an anode region, the method comprising: applying an anode electric potential to the anode region that is greater than a cathode electric potential of the cathode region;applying a gate elect
1. A method corresponding to an apparatus including a cathode region, a gate region, a suppressor region, and an anode region, the method comprising: applying an anode electric potential to the anode region that is greater than a cathode electric potential of the cathode region;applying a gate electric potential to the gate region to release a set of electrons from the cathode region;passing the set of electrons from the gate region to the suppressor region;applying a suppressor electric potential to decelerate the set of electrons between the suppressor region and the anode region;binding the set of electrons in the anode region; andvarying at least one of the anode electric potential, gate electric potential, and suppressor electric potential as a function of time. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein varying at least one of the anode electric potential, gate electric potential, and suppressor electric potential as a function of time includes: varying at least one of the anode electric potential, gate electric potential, andsuppressor electric potential substantially periodically. 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising: receiving a signal; andvarying at least one of the anode electric potential, gate electric potential, andsuppressor electric potential responsive to the received signal. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the bound set of electrons in the anode region form a current, and further comprising: measuring a property of the current; andproducing the signal corresponding to the measured property of the current. 5. The method of claim 3 further comprising: measuring a temperature of at least one of the cathode region, gate region, suppressor region, and anode region; andproducing the signal corresponding to the measured temperature. 6. The method of claim 3 further comprising: determining a relative thermodynamic efficiency corresponding to the cathode, gate, suppressor, and anode regions; andproducing the signal corresponding to the determined relative thermodynamic efficiency. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein determining a relative thermodynamic efficiency corresponding to the cathode, gate, suppressor, and anode regions includes: measuring at least one of a current in the anode region, a temperature of the anode region, and a temperature of the cathode region. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein the cathode region, gate region, suppressor region, and anode region are arranged in a pattern, and further comprising: changing the pattern as a function of time. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein changing the pattern as a function of time includes: varying a relative position of at least one of the cathode region, gate region, suppressor region, and anode region substantially periodically. 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the gate electric potential includes a gate pulse having a gate pulse duration and a gate pulse center time and the suppressor electric potential includes a suppressor pulse having a suppressor pulse duration and a suppressor pulse center time, and further comprising: determining a travel time for the set of electrons; andselecting the gate pulse duration, gate pulse center time, suppressor pulse duration, and suppressor pulse center time based on the determined travel time. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the apparatus further includes a screen grid region and further comprising: selecting a screen grid electric potential, the screen grid electric potential including a screen grid pulse, the screen grid pulse having a screen grid pulse duration and a screen grid pulse center time; andapplying the screen grid pulse to the screen grid region. 12. The method of claim 10 further comprising: selecting a gate pulse center time that is before the suppressor pulse center time. 13. The method of claim 12 further comprising: selecting the gate pulse center time, screen grid pulse center time, and suppressor pulse center time such that the gate pulse center time is before the screen grid pulse center time, and the screen grid pulse center time is before the suppressor pulse center time. 14. The method of claim 10 further comprising: applying the gate pulse and the suppressor pulse substantially periodically. 15. The method of claim 14 further comprising applying the periodically applied gate pulse at a gate frequency and applying the periodically applied suppressor pulse at a suppressor frequency, and wherein the gate frequency is substantially equal to the suppressor frequency. 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising: selecting the gate frequency and the suppressor frequency according to a travel time for the set of electrons. 17. An apparatus comprising: a cathode;an anode, wherein the anode and cathode are receptive to a first power source to produce an anode electric potential higher than a cathode electric potential;a gate positioned between the anode and the cathode, the gate being receptive to a second power source to produce a gate electric potential selected to induce electron emission from the cathode;a suppressor positioned between the gate and the anode, the suppressor being receptive to a third power source to produce a suppressor electric potential selected to provide a force on an electron in a direction pointing towards the suppressor in a region between the suppressor and the anode; andcircuitry operably connected to at least one of the first, second and third power sources to vary at least one of the anode electric potential, gate electric potential, and suppressor electric potential as a function of time. 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the circuitry is receptive to signals to determine at least one of a relative thermodynamic efficiency and a relative power density of the apparatus and to vary at least one of the anode, gate and suppressor electric potentials responsive to the at least one determined relative thermodynamic efficiency and power density. 19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the gate electric potential includes a gate pulse and the suppressor electric potential includes a suppressor pulse, and wherein the circuitry is further responsive to the determined at least one of the relative thermodynamic efficiency and relative power density to determine a gate pulse duration and gate pulse center time corresponding to the gate pulse and a suppressor pulse duration and suppressor pulse center time corresponding to the suppressor pulse. 20. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the gate electric potential is configured to vary periodically at a gate frequency and the suppressor electric potential is configured to vary periodically at a suppressor frequency, and wherein the circuitry is further responsive to the determined at least one of the relative thermodynamic efficiency and relative power density to determine the gate frequency and the suppressor frequency. 21. The apparatus of claim 17 further comprising a meter configured to measure at least one of a current at the anode, a current at the cathode, a temperature at the anode, and a temperature at the cathode, and wherein the circuitry is responsive to the measured current to vary at least one of the first, gate and suppressor electric potentials. 22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the gate electric potential includes a gate pulse and the suppressor electric potential includes a suppressor pulse, and wherein the circuitry is further responsive to the measured at least one of the current at the anode, a current at the cathode, a temperature at the anode, and a temperature at the cathode to determine a gate pulse duration and gate pulse center time corresponding to the gate pulse and a suppressor pulse duration and suppressor pulse center time corresponding to the suppressor pulse. 23. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the gate electric potential is configured to vary periodically at a gate frequency and the suppressor electric potential is configured to vary periodically at a suppressor frequency, and wherein the circuitry is further responsive to the measured at least one of a current at the anode, a current at the cathode, a temperature at the anode, and a temperature at the cathode to determine the gate frequency and the suppressor frequency. 24. An apparatus comprising: circuitry configured to receive a first signal corresponding to a heat engine, the heat engine including an anode, cathode, spacer region, gate and suppressor;circuitry configured to process the first signal to determine an output parameter of the heat engine as a function of an anode electric potential applied to the anode, a gate electric potential applied to the gate, and a suppressor electric potential applied to the suppressor;circuitry configured to produce a second signal corresponding to a selected value of the output parameter; andcircuitry configured to transmit the second signal. 25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the output parameter includes at least one of a relative thermodynamic efficiency and a relative power output. 26. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the gate electric potential includes a gate pulse having a gate pulse duration and a gate pulse center time and wherein the suppressor electric potential includes a suppressor pulse having a suppressor pulse duration and a suppressor pulse center time, and wherein the circuitry configured to process the first signal is further configured to process the first signal to determine the output parameter as a function of the gate pulse duration, gate pulse center time, suppressor pulse duration, and suppressor pulse center time. 27. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein the heat engine further includes a screen grid, and wherein the circuitry configured to process the first signal is further configured to process the first signal to determine the output parameter as a function of a screen grid electric potential applied to the screen grid, the screen grid potential having a screen grid pulse duration and a screen grid pulse center time. 28. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein the gate electric potential is substantially periodic having a gate frequency and wherein the suppressor electric potential is substantially periodic having a suppressor frequency, and wherein the circuitry configured to process the first signal is further configured to process the first signal to determine the output parameter as a function of the gate frequency and the suppressor frequency. 29. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein the heat engine further includes a screen grid, and wherein the circuitry configured to process the first signal is further configured to processing the first signal to determine the output parameter as a function of a screen grid electric potential applied to the screen grid, the screen grid potential being substantially periodic and having a screen grid frequency. 30. A method comprising: receiving a first signal corresponding to a heat engine, the heat engine including an anode, cathode, spacer region, gate and suppressor;processing the first signal to determine an output parameter of the heat engine as a function of an anode electric potential applied to the anode, a gate electric potential applied to the gate, and a suppressor electric potential applied to the suppressor;producing a second signal corresponding to a selected value of the output parameter; andtransmitting the second signal. 31. The method of claim 30 wherein the output parameter includes at least one of a relative thermodynamic efficiency and a relative power output. 32. The method of claim 30 wherein the gate electric potential includes a gate pulse having a gate pulse duration and a gate pulse center time and wherein the suppressor electric potential includes a suppressor pulse having a suppressor pulse duration and a suppressor pulse center time, and wherein processing the first signal further includes: processing the first signal to determine the output parameter as a function of the gate pulse duration, gate pulse center time, suppressor pulse duration, and suppressor pulse center time. 33. The method of claim 32 wherein the heat engine further includes a screen grid, and wherein processing the first signal further includes: processing the first signal to determine the output parameter as a function of a screen grid electric potential applied to the screen grid, the screen grid potential having a screen grid pulse duration and a screen grid pulse center time. 34. The method of claim 30 wherein the gate electric potential is substantially periodic having a gate frequency and wherein the suppressor electric potential is substantially periodic having a suppressor frequency, and wherein processing the first signal further includes: processing the first signal to determine the output parameter as a function of the gate frequency and the suppressor frequency. 35. The method of claim 34 wherein the heat engine further includes a screen grid, and wherein processing the first signal further includes: processing the first signal to determine the output parameter as a function of a screen grid electric potential applied to the screen grid, the screen grid potential being substantially periodic and having a screen grid frequency.
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