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Phosphorus-based coatings having a plurality of phosphate moieties, a plurality of phosphonate moieties, or both, covalently bonded to an oxide surface of an implantable substrate exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the surface phosphorus-containing group density of the coat

Phosphorus-based coatings having a plurality of phosphate moieties, a plurality of phosphonate moieties, or both, covalently bonded to an oxide surface of an implantable substrate exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the surface phosphorus-containing group density of the coated regions of the substrate is at least about 0.1 nmol/cm2; (b) the phosphorus-based coating has a thickness of less than about 10 nm; or (c) the surface phosphorus-containing group density of the coated regions of the substrate is equal to or greater than the surface hydroxyl group density of the oxide surface of the substrate. Implantable devices embodying the coated substrates are also disclosed.

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1. A device comprising: (i) a substrate comprising an oxide surface;(ii) a coating comprising a plurality of organophosphonate moieties covalently bonded to the oxide surface of the substrate; and(iii) an anti-infective compound directly attached to said organophosphonate moieties via a reactive fun

1. A device comprising: (i) a substrate comprising an oxide surface;(ii) a coating comprising a plurality of organophosphonate moieties covalently bonded to the oxide surface of the substrate; and(iii) an anti-infective compound directly attached to said organophosphonate moieties via a reactive functional group on the organophosphonate organo moieties, which reactive functional group is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester, amino, thiol, phosphonic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfonic acid, and combinations of two or more thereof, and which reacts directly with said anti-infective compound to form a covalent bond. 2. The device of claim 1, wherein said coating exhibits one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the surface phosphorus-containing group density of the coated regions of said substrate is in the range of about 0.1 nmol/cm2 to about 1.5 nmol/cm2;(b) the phosphorus-based coating has a thickness of less than about 100 nm; or(c) the surface phosphorus-containing group density of the coated regions of said substrate is equal to or greater than the surface hydroxyl group density of the oxide surface of said substrate. 3. A device of claim 2, wherein said substrate comprises a medical device or an implantable device and wherein said native oxide surface comprises a metal surface selected from the group consisting of titanium, titanium alloys, stainless steel, stainless steel alloys, tantalum, silicon, cobalt-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys. 4. The device of claim 1, wherein said oxide surface comprises a native oxide surface. 5. The device of claim 4, wherein said native oxide surface comprises a metal surface selected from the group consisting of titanium, titanium alloys, stainless steel, stainless steel alloys, tantalum, silicon, cobalt-chromium and cobalt-chromium alloys. 6. The device of claim 4, wherein the coating comprising a phosphonate monolayer covalently attached to the native oxide surface, wherein said phosphonate monolayer comprises quaternary alkylammonium moieties which are remote to the phosphonate groups. 7. The device of claim 6, wherein the native oxide surface comprises a metal. 8. The device of claim 1, wherein said coating has a thickness of less than about 10 nm. 9. The device of claim 1, wherein said anti-infective compound is selected from the group consisting of antimicrobials, antiseptics and antibiotics. 10. The device of claim 9, wherein said anti-infective compound comprises an antiseptic compound selected from the group consisting of chlorhexidine acetate, chlorhexidine, Gentian violet, octenidine, povidone iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds, silver sulfadiazine, triclosan, analogs thereof, derivatives thereof and salts thereof. 11. The device of claim 9, wherein said anti-infective compound comprises an antimicrobial compound selected from the group consisting of taurolidine, triclosan, aminoglycosides, nitrofurantoin, Antiamebics, Arsthinol, Bialamicol, Carbarsone, Cephaeline, Chlorbetamide, Chloroquine, Chlorphenoxamide, Chlortetracycline, Dehydroemetine, Dibromopropamidine, Diloxanide, Diphetarsone, Emetine, Fumagillin, Glaucarubin, Glycobiarsol, 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinoline-sulfonic Acid, Iodochlorhydroxyquin, Iodoquinol, Paromomycin, Phanquinone, Polybenzarsol, Propamidine, Quinfamide, Scenidazole, Sulfarside, Teclozan, Tetracycline, Thiocarbamizine, Thiocarbarsone, Tinidazole; benzalkonium chloride, nitrofurazone, nystatin, sulfacetamide, clotriamazole; 2,4-Diaminopyrimidines, Brodimoprim, Textroxoprim, Trimethoprim; Nitrofurans, Furaltadone, Furazolium Chloride, Nifuradene, Nifuratel, Nifurfoline, Nifurpirinol, Nifurprazine, Nifurtoinol, Nitrofirantoin; Quinolones, Cinoxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Clinafloxacin, Difloxacin, Enoxacin, Fleroxacin, Flumequine, Grepafloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Miloxacin, Nadifloxacin, Nadilixic Acid, Norflaxacin, Ofloxacin, Oxolinic Acid, Pazufloxacin, Pefloxacin, Pipemidic Acid, Piromidic Acid, Rosoxacin, Rufloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Temafloxacin, Tosufloxacin, Trovafloxacin; Sulfonamides, Acetyl Sulfamethoxpyrazine, Benzylsulfamide, Chloramine-B, Chloramine-T, Dichloramine T, N2-Formylsulfisomidine, N4-D-Glucosylsulfanilamide, Mafenide, 4′-(Methylsulfamoyl)sulfanilanilide, Noprylsulfainide, Phthalylsulfacetamide, Phthalylsulfathiazole, Salazosulfadimidine, Succinylsulfathiazole, Sulfabenzamide, Sulfacetamide, Sulfachlorpyridazine, Sulfachrysoidine, Sulfacytine, Sulfadiazine, Sulfadicramide, Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfadoxine, Sulfaethidole, Sulfaguanidine, Sulfaguanol, Sulfalene, Sulfaloxic, Sulfamerazine, Sulfameter, Sulfamethazine, Sulfamethizole, Sulfamethomidine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfamethoxypyridazine, Sulfametrole, Sulfamidochrysoidine, Sulfamoxole, Sulfanilamide, 4-Sulfanilamidosalicylic Acid, N4-Sulfanilylsulfanilamide, Sulfanilylurea, N-Sulfanilyl-3,4-xylamide, Sulfanitran, Sulfaperine, Sulfaphenazole, Sulfaproxyline, Sulfapyrazine, Sulfapyridine, Sulfasomizole, Sulfasymazine, Sulfathiazole, Sulfathiourea, Sulfatolamide, Sulfisomidine, Sulfisoxazole; Sulfones, Acedapsone, Acediasulfone, Acetosulfone Sodium, Dapsone, Diathymosulfone, Glucosulfone Sodium, Solasulfone, Succisulfone, Sulfanilic Acid, p-Sulfanilylbenzylamine, Sulfoxone Sodium, Thiazolsulfone; Clofoctol, Hexedine, Methenamine, Methenamine Anhydromethylenecitrate, Methenamine Hippurate, Methenamine Mandelate, Methenamine Sulfosalicylate, Nitroxoline, Taurolidine, Xibomol; leprostatic antibacterials, Acedapsone, Acetosulfone Sodium, Clofazimine, Dapsone, Diathymosulfone, Glucosulfone Sodium, Hydnocarpic Acid, Solasulfone, Succisulfone, Sulfoxone Sodium; Allylamines Butenafine, Naftifine, Terbinafine, Imidazoles, Bifonazole, Butoconazole, Cholordantoin, Chlormidazole, Cloconazole, Clotrimazole, Econazole, Enilconazole, Fenticonazole, Flutrimazole, Isoconazole, Ketoconazole, Lanoconazole, Miconazole, Omoconazole, Oxiconazole Nitrate, Sertaconazole, Sulconazole, Tioconazole, Thiocarbamates, Tolcilate, Tolindate, Tolnaftate; Triazoles, Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Saperconazole, Terconazole; Acrisorcin, Amorolfine, Biphenamine, Bromosalicylchloranilide, Buclosamide, Calcium Propionate, Chlorphenesin, Ciclopirox, Cloxyquin, Coparaffinate, Diamthazole Dihydrochloride, Exalamide, Flucytosine, Halethazole, Hexetidine, Loflucarban, Nifuratel, Propionic Acid, Pyrithione, Salicylanilide, Sodium Propionate, Sulbentine, Tenonitrozole, Triacetin, Ujothion, Undecylenic Acid, Zinc Propionate, derivatives thereof; salts thereof; and combinations thereof. 12. The device of claim 9, wherein said anti-infective compound comprises an antibiotic compound selected from the group consisting of Amino-glycosides, Amikacin, Apramycin, Arbekacin, Bambermycins, Butirosin, Dibekacin, Dihydrostreptomycin, Fortimicin, Gentamicin, Isepamicin, Kaniamycin, Micronomicin, Neomycin, Neomycin Undecylenate, Netilmicin, Paromomycin, Ribostamycin, Sisomicin, Spectinomycin, Streptomycin, Tobramycin, Trospectomycin; Amphenicols, Azidamfenicol, Chloramphenicol, Florfenicol, Thiamphenicol; Ansamycins, Rifamide, Rifampin, Rifamycin, Rifapentine, Rifaximin; beta-Lactams, Carbacephems, Loracarbef, Carbapenems, Biapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Panipenem; Cephalosporins, Cefaclor, Cefadroxil, Cefamandole, Cefatrizine, Cefazedone, Cefazolin, Cefcapene Povoxil, Cefclidin, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefepime Cefetamet, Cefixime, Cefinenoxine, Cefodizime, Cefonicid, Cefoperazone, Ceforanide, Cefotaxime, Cefotiam, Cefozopran, Cefpimizole, Cefpiramide, Cefpirome, Cefpodoxime Proxetil, Cefprozil, Cefroxadine, Cefsulodin, Ceftazidime, Cefteram, Ceftezole, Ceftibuten, Ceftizoxime, Ceftriaxone, Cefuroxime, Cefuzonam, Cephacetrile Sodium, Cephalexin, Cephaloglycin, Cephaloridine, Cephalosporin, Cephalothin, Cephapirin Sodium, Cephradine, Pivcefalexin; Cephamycins, Cefbuperazone, Cefmetazole, Cefminox, Cefotetan, Cefoxitin; Monobactams, Aztreonam, Carumonam, Tigemonam; Oxacephens, Flomoxef, Moxalactam; Penicillins, Amdinocillin, Amdinocillin Pivoxil, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Apalcillin, Aspoxicillin, Azidocillin, Azlocillin, Bacampicillin, Benzylpenicillic Acid, Benzylpenicillin Sodium, Carbenicillin, Carindacillin, Clometocillin, Cloxacillin, Cyclacillin, Dicloxacillin, Epicillin, Fenbenicillin, Floxacillin, Hetacillin, Lenampicillin, Metampicillin, Methicillin Sodium, Mezlocillin, Naacillin Sodium, Oxacillin, Penamecillin, Penethamate Hydriodide, Penicillin G Benethamine, Penicillin G Benzathine, Penicillin G Benzhydrylamine, Penicillin G Calcium, Penicillin G Hydrabamine, Penicillin G Potassium, Penicillin G Procaine, Penicillin N, Penicillin O, Penicillin V, Penicllin V Benzathine, Penicillin V Hydrabamine, Penimepicycline, Phenethicillin Potassium, Piperacillin, Pivampicillin, Propicillin, Quinacillin, Sulbenicillin, Sultamicillin, Talampicillin, Temocillin, Ticarcillin; Ritipenem, Lincosamides, Clindamycin, Lincomycin; Macrolides, Azithromycin, Capbomycin, Clarithromycin, Dirithromycin, Erythromycin, Erythromycin Acistrate, Erythromycin Estolate, Erythromycin Glucoheptonate, Erythromycin Lactobionate, Erythromycin Propionate, Erythromycin Stearate, Josamycin, Leucomycins, Midecamycins, Miokamycin, Oleandomycin, Primycin, Rokitamycin, Rosaramicin, Roxithromycin, Spiramycin, Troleandomycin; Polypeptides, Amphomycin, Bacitracin, Capreomycin, Colistin, Enduracidin, Enviomycin, Fusafungine, Gramicidin S, Gramicidin, Mikamycin, Polymyxin, Pristinamycin, Ristocetin, Teicoplanin, Thiostrepton, Tuberactinomycin, Tyrocidine, Tyrothricin, Vancomycin, Viomycin, Virginiamycin, Zinc Bacitracin; Tetracyclines, Apicycline, Chlortetracycline, Clomocycline, Demeclocycline, Doxycycline, Guamecycline, Lymecycline, Meclocycline, Methacycline, Minocycline, Oxytetracycline, Penimepicycline, Pipacycline, Rolitetracycline, Sancycline, Tetracycline; Cycloserine, Mupirocin, Tuberin; cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, cefoperazone, erythromycin, gentamycin, cefuroxime/gentamicin; vancomycin; linezolid; bleomycin, dactinomycin, mitomycin; and fradiomycin sulfate. 13. The device of claim 1, wherein said substrate comprises an implantable substrate. 14. The device of claim 13, wherein said phosphorus-based coating comprises a surface phosphorus-containing group density of at least about 1.3 times the surface hydroxyl group density of the oxide surface of the implantable substrate. 15. The phosphorus-based coating of claim 13, wherein said phosphorus-based coating comprises a surface phosphorus-containing group density of at least about 2 times the surface hydroxyl group density of the oxide surface of the implantable substrate. 16. The device of claim 13, wherein said coating comprises a first, inner surface and a second, outer surface, said first, inner surface being defined by the organophosphonate moieties being covalently bonded to the oxide surface of the implantable substrate; and said second, outer surface exhibiting said anti-infective compound directly attached to the omega-positions of said organophosphonate organic moieties. 17. The device of claim 13, wherein the implantable substrate is selected from the group consisting of vascular devices, artificial hearts, heart assist devices, orthopedic devices, dental devices, drug delivery devices, ophthalmic devices, urological devices, catheters, neurological devices, neurostimulation devices, electrostimulation devices, electrosensing devices and synthetic prostheses. 18. The device of claim 17, wherein the implantable substrate is selected from the group consisting of vascular devices, artificial hearts, heart assist devices, orthopedic devices and dental devices. 19. The device of claim 18, wherein the implantable substrate is a dental device or an orthopedic device. 20. The device of claim 17 wherein: (a) the phosphorus-based coating comprises a surface phosphorus-containing group density in the range of about 0.5 nmol/cm2 to about 1.5 nmol/cm2;(b) the phosphorus-based coating has a thickness of less than about 10 nm; or(c) the phosphorus-based coating comprises a surface phosphorus-containing group density of at least about 1.3 times the surface hydroxyl group density of the oxide surface of the implantable substrate. 21. The device of claim 17, wherein the implantable substrate comprise a metal. 22. The device of claim 21, wherein said metal comprises titanium or an alloy thereof. 23. The device of claim 17, wherein the implantable substrate is a vascular device and is selected from the group consisting of grafts, stents, stent grafts, catheters, valves, artificial hearts and pacemakers. 24. The device of claim 17, wherein the implantable substrate is an orthopedic device and is selected from the group consisting of fracture repair devices and artificial tendons. 25. The device of claim 17, wherein the implantable substrate is a glaucoma drain shunt. 26. The device of claim 17, wherein the implantable substrate is a urological device and is selected from the group consisting of penile devices, sphincter devices, urethral devices, bladder devices and renal devices. 27. The device of claim 17, wherein the implantable substrate is a synthetic prosthesis and is selected from the group consisting of breast prostheses and artificial organs. 28. The device of claim 17, wherein the implantable substrate is selected from the group consisting of dialysis tubing, dialysis membranes, blood oxygenator tubing, blood oxygenator membranes, blood bags, sutures, membranes, cell culture devices, chromatographic support materials, biosensors, anastomotic connectors, surgical instruments, angioplasty balloons, wound drains, shunts, tubing, urethral inserts, blood oxygenator pumps, and wound tubing. 29. The device of claim 17, wherein the implantable substrate is an electrostimulation or neurostimulation device and is selected from the group consisting of electrical stimulation leads, brain tissue stimulators, central nerve stimulators, peripheral nerve stimulators, spinal cord nerve stimulators and sacral nerve stimulators.