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A reactor comprising at least one contact surface made from, coated with, or impregnated by a catalyst, wherein the contact surface comprises a sintered metal or a ceramic, and wherein the reactor is configured to subject a reactant stream to shear. A system for carrying out a heterogeneously cataly

A reactor comprising at least one contact surface made from, coated with, or impregnated by a catalyst, wherein the contact surface comprises a sintered metal or a ceramic, and wherein the reactor is configured to subject a reactant stream to shear. A system for carrying out a heterogeneously catalyzed reaction, the system comprising a reactor as described above and a pump configured for delivering reactants to the at least one reactor. A method for carrying out a heterogeneously-catalyzed reaction by introducing reactants into a reactor comprising at least one contact surface made from, coated with, or impregnated by a catalyst under conditions which promote production of a desired product, wherein the contact surface comprises a sintered metal or a ceramic, and forming a dispersion of reactants within the reactor, wherein the dispersion comprises droplets or gas bubbles of reactant with an average diameter of less than about 5 μm.

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1. A method for carrying out a heterogeneously-catalyzed reaction, the method comprising: introducing a mixture of reactants into a reactor comprising at least one contact surface made from, coated with, or impregnated by a catalyst, wherein the contact surface comprises a sintered metal or ceramic

1. A method for carrying out a heterogeneously-catalyzed reaction, the method comprising: introducing a mixture of reactants into a reactor comprising at least one contact surface made from, coated with, or impregnated by a catalyst, wherein the contact surface comprises a sintered metal or ceramic and wherein the reactor comprises at least two generators, wherein each generator comprises a rotor and a complementarily-shaped stator, and wherein at least a portion of at least one rotor of the at least two generators comprises a porous catalyst contact portion, and wherein the at least one rotor that includes the porous catalyst contact portion is configured such that substantially all of the reactants are forced through the porous catalyst contact portion during operation; andforming a dispersion of the reactants within the reactor by subjecting the reactants to a shear rate of at least 20,000 s−1 in at least one of the at least two generators, wherein the dispersion comprises droplets or gas bubbles of reactant. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein the droplets or gas bubbles of reactant in the dispersion have an average diameter of less than or equal to about 5 μm. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactor comprises at least two contact surfaces made from, coated with, or impregnated by catalyst. 4. The method of claim 3 wherein at least one contact surface is made from, coated with, or impregnated by a different catalyst than at least one other contact surface. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of hydrogenation catalysts, hydroxylation catalysts, partial oxidation catalysts, hydrodesulfurization catalysts, hydrodenitrogenation catalysts, hydrofinishing catalysts, reforming catalysts, hydration catalysts, hydrocracking catalysts, Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, dehydrogenation catalysts, and polymerization catalysts. 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the shear rate varies along a longitudinal flowpath in the reactor. 7. The method of claim 1 wherein subjecting the reactants to a shear rate of at least 20,000 s−1 in at least one of the at least two generators produces a local pressure of at least about 1034.2 MPa (150,000 psi) at a tip the rotor of that generator. 8. The method of claim 1 wherein subjecting the reactants to a shear rate of at least 20,000 s−1 comprises rotating the rotor at a tip speed of at least 22.9 m/s (4,500 ft/min). 9. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one rotor is separated from at least one stator by a shear gap in the range of from 1 μm (0.00004 inch) to about 4 mm (0.016 inch). 10. The method of claim 1 wherein the reactor further comprises a third generator configured with a rotor and a complementarily-shaped stator. 11. The method of claim 1 wherein a contact surface of one generator is made from, coated with, or impregnated by a different catalyst than a contact surface of another generator. 12. The method of claim 1, wherein a first shear rate provided by one generator is greater than a second shear rate provided by another generator. 13. The method of claim 1 further comprising transferring the dispersion from the reactor to a second reactor in fluid communication therewith, the second reactor comprising a contact surface comprising a sintered metal or a ceramic. 14. A method for carrying out a catalyzed reaction, the method comprising: introducing a mixture of reactants into a reactor comprising a first generator, and a second generator, wherein each of the first and second generator comprise a rotor and a corresponding stator, and wherein each of the first and second generator comprise a contact surface made from, coated with, or impregnated by a catalyst, wherein the contact surface comprises a sintered metal or ceramic and wherein each of the rotors comprises a porous catalyst contact portion, and wherein the reactor is configured such that substantially all of the reactants are forced through the porous catalyst contact portions during passage through the reactor; andsubjecting the reactants to a shear rate of at least 20,000 s−1, to form a dispersion comprising droplets or gas bubbles of reactant. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the catalyst comprises platinum. 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the shear rate varies along a longitudinal flowpath in the reactor. 17. A method for carrying out a catalyzed reaction, the method comprising: introducing a mixture of reactants into a reactor comprising a first generator, wherein the first generator comprises a rotor and a corresponding stator, wherein the rotor comprises a porous catalyst contact portion having a contact surface comprising a sintered metal or ceramic, and wherein the reactor is configured such that substantially all of the reactants are forced through the pores of the porous catalyst contact portion during passage through the reactor; andprocessing the reactants in the reactor to form a dispersion comprising droplets or gas bubbles of reactant. 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising operating the reactor at a shear rate greater than 20,000 s−1, wherein the shear rate varies along a longitudinal flowpath in the reactor. 19. The method of claim 17 wherein the reactor further comprises a second generator comprising a rotor and a corresponding stator, wherein the rotor comprises a porous catalyst contact portion, and wherein an average pore size of the pores in the porous catalyst contact portion of the rotor of the first generator is different from an average pore size of the pores in the porous catalyst contact portion of the rotor of the second generator. 20. The method of claim 1 wherein the rotor and stator of at least one of the at least two generators are ring-shaped.