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Compositions and methods and apparatus for growth and maintenance of microorganisms and/or bioprocesses using one or more gases as electron donors, electron acceptors, carbon sources, or other nutrients, and for a bioprocess that converts hydrogen and carbon dioxide, or syngas, or producer gas into

Compositions and methods and apparatus for growth and maintenance of microorganisms and/or bioprocesses using one or more gases as electron donors, electron acceptors, carbon sources, or other nutrients, and for a bioprocess that converts hydrogen and carbon dioxide, or syngas, or producer gas into lipid products, bio-based oils, or other biochemical products.

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1. An apparatus for containing a microbial culture comprising an oxyhydrogen microorganism and/or an extract of an oxyhydrogen microorganism and controlling the environmental conditions to which the culture is exposed, comprising: a reactor vessel containing a gas headspace and a liquid phase;a micr

1. An apparatus for containing a microbial culture comprising an oxyhydrogen microorganism and/or an extract of an oxyhydrogen microorganism and controlling the environmental conditions to which the culture is exposed, comprising: a reactor vessel containing a gas headspace and a liquid phase;a microbial culture comprising an oxyhydrogen microorganism and/or an extract of the oxyhydrogen microorganism in the liquid phase;a hydrogen gas feed manifold connected to a supply of hydrogen gas, and configured for feeding the hydrogen gas directly into the liquid phase in the reactor vessel, wherein the hydrogen gas feed manifold comprises an inlet valve for controlling hydrogen gas feed flow into the liquid phase in the reactor vessel;a pressure-relief valve configured to permit gas to exit the reactor vessel; andan eductor fluidly connected to the reactor vessel and configured and positioned to permit mixing and flow of gas from the gas headspace back into the liquid phase contained in the reactor, wherein the eductor is not fluidly connected to the gas feed manifold, wherein the eductor forms a gas recirculation pathway between the liquid phase and the gas headspace, and wherein the gas recirculation pathway is contained completely within the reactor vessel. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the educator is configured such that liquid is taken from the liquid phase contained in the reactor vessel, removed from the reactor vessel, and pumped back into the reactor vessel through the eductor thus entraining headspace gases, and/or into an adjacent reactor, and/or out of the system for harvest, post-processing, or disposal. 3. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: in-line sensors configured to permit measurements and feedback control of various reactor parameters; and/orsensors configured to permit determination of microbial sate such that nutrient and gas additions can be modified in response to the microbial state and/or microbes can be transferred to another reactor and/or recycled into the current reactor. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the oxyhydrogen microorganism is selected from Rhodopseudomonas sp.; Rhodospirillum sp.; Rhodococcus sp.; Rhizobium sp.; Thiocapsa sp.; Pseudomonas sp.; Nocardia sp.; Hydrogenomonas sp.; Hydrogenobacter sp.; Hydrogenovibrio sp.; Helicobacter sp.; Xanthobacter sp.; Hydrogenophaga sp.; Bradyrhizobium sp.; Ralstonia sp.; Gordonia sp.; Mycobacteria sp.; Alcaligenes sp.; Cupriavidius sp.; Variovorax sp.; Acidovorax sp.; Anabaena sp.; Scenedesmus sp.; Chlamydomonas sp.; Ankistrodesmus sp.; Rhaphidiium sp.; and combinations thereof. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the oxyhydrogen microorganism is selected from Ralstonia sp.; Alcaligenes sp.; Rhodococcus sp.; and combinations thereof. 6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein eduction occurs in the gas headspace and the exit of the gas-liquid mixture from the eductor occurs below the surface of the liquid phase in the reactor vessel. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the eductor is a venturi device. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein foam that enters the headspace from the culture is taken up by the gas uptake for the eductor. 9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein foam that enters the headspace from the culture is broken down and recycled into the working volume by the eductor. 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the operation of the eductor provides for formation of extremely fine bubbles that do not form a static foam in the reactor vessel. 11. An apparatus for containing a microbial culture, comprising: a first reactor vessel comprising a liquid phase containing:the microbial culture and a first gaseous headspace containing a first gas;a hydrogen gas feed manifold connected to a supply of the first gas, and configured for feeding the first gas to the reactor vessel, wherein the gas manifold comprises an inlet valve for controlling gas feed flow to the reactor vessel;a pressure-relief valve configured to permit gas to exit the reactor vessel;an eductor fluidly connected to the first reactor vessel and configured and positioned to permit mixing and flow of first gas from the gas headspace back into the liquid phase contained in the first reactor vessel, wherein the eductor is not fluidly connected to the gas feed manifold, wherein the eductor forms a gas recirculation pathway between the liquid phase and the gas headspace, and wherein the gas recirculation pathway is contained completely within the reactor vessel; anda second reactor vessel comprising a liquid phase containing the microbial culture and a gaseous headspace containing a second gas, different from the first gas;a first fluidic connection between the liquid region of the first reactor vessel and the liquid region of the second reactor vessel; anda second fluidic connection, independent of the first fluidic connection, between the liquid region of the first reactor vessel and the liquid region of the second reactor vessel,wherein the gaseous headspace of the first reactor vessel is fluidically isolated from the gaseous headspace of the second reactor vessel. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first gaseous headspace is a hydrogen-rich headspace. 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the second gaseous headspace is an oxygen-rich headspace. 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the microbial culture comprises an oxyhydrogen microorganism. 15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the oxyhydrogen microorganism is selected from Rhodopseudomonas sp.; Rhodospirillum sp.; Rhodococcus sp.; Rhizobium sp.; Thiocapsa sp.; Pseudomonas sp.; Nocardia sp.; Hydrogenomonas sp.; Hydrogenobacter sp.; Hydrogenovibrio sp.; Helicobacter sp.; Xanthobacter sp.; Hydrogenophaga sp.; Bradyrhizobium sp.; Ralstonia sp.; Gordonia sp.; Mycobacteria sp.; Alcaligenes sp.; Cupriavidus sp.; Variovorax sp.; Acidovorax sp.; Anabaena sp.; Scenedesmus sp.; Chlamydomonas sp.; Ankistrodesmus sp.; Rhaphidium sp.; and combinations thereof. 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the oxyhydrogen microorganism is selected from Ralstonia sp.; Alcaligenes sp.; Rhodococcus sp.; and combinations thereof. 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the outflow of the first reactor vessel is fed to the second reactor vessel via the first fluidic connection, and the outflow of the second reactor vessel is fed to the first reactor vessel via the second fluidic connection. 18. A method for growth and maintenance of oxyhydrogen microorganisms and/or bioprocesses using one or more gases as electron donors, and/or electron acceptors, and/or carbon sources, and/or other nutrients, comprising: introducing a culture of oxyhydrogen microorganisms and/or extracts of microorganisms into an environment suitable for growing or maintaining the culture and/or extracts, wherein the culture of oxyhydrogen microorganisms or extract of oxyhydrogen microorganisms is contained in the liquid phase of an apparatus according to claim 1;introducing an inorganic or organic carbon compound into the environment so that oxyhydrogen microorganisms and/or extracts utilize the carbon compound as a carbon source for growth, biosynthesis, or fermentation, or otherwise convert the carbon source to at least one other organic carbon compound, wherein the biological utilization and/or conversion of the carbon source by the microorganisms and/or extracts involves at least one of:uptake of a carbon source utilized by the microorganisms and/or extracts from a gaseous phase; and/orprovision of a gaseous electron donor for the purpose of generating intracellular reducing equivalents or intracellular energy; and/orprovision of some other nutrient that occurs as a gaseous phase under room temperature and atmospheric pressure; whereinat least one of the gaseous carbon source, electron donor, electron acceptor, or nutrient is generated chemically and/or thermochemically and/or electrochemically and/or is taken or derived from an industrial, agricultural, forestry, mining, oil and gas drilling, or municipal waste stream or pollutant and/or is a gas that naturally occurs or occurs as a pollutant in the earth's atmosphere. 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the microorganisms or microbial culture comprise knallgas microorganisms selected from the group consisting of the following genera: Rhodopseudomonas sp.; Rhodospirillum sp.; Rhodococcus sp.; Rhizobium sp.; Thiocapsa sp.; Pseudomonas sp.; Nocardia sp.; Hydrogenomonas sp.; Hydrogenobactre sp.; Hydrogenovibrio sp.; Helicobacter sp.; Xanthobacter sp.; Hydrogenophaga sp.; Bradyrhizobium sp.; Ralstonia sp.; Gordonia sp.; Mycobacteria sp.; Alcaligenes sp.; Cupriavidus sp.; Variovorax sp.; Acidovorax sp.; Anabaena sp.; Scenedesmus sp.; Chlamydomonas sp., Ankistrodesmus sp., Rhaphidium sp., and combinations thereof. 20. A method according to claim 18, wherein the carbon source is carbon dioxide. 21. A method according to claim 18, wherein the electron acceptor is oxygen or air. 22. A method according to claim 18 wherein at least one organic chemical compound produced from the carbon source has a carbon chain length between C5 and C30. 23. The method of claim 18 wherein the microorganism is Rhodococcus opacus.