Disclosed is an improved analytical method that can be utilized by hydrogen filling stations for directly and accurately calculating the end-of-fill temperature in a hydrogen tank that, in turn, allows for improvements in the fill quantity while tending to reduce refueling time. The calculations inv
Disclosed is an improved analytical method that can be utilized by hydrogen filling stations for directly and accurately calculating the end-of-fill temperature in a hydrogen tank that, in turn, allows for improvements in the fill quantity while tending to reduce refueling time. The calculations involve calculation of a composite heat capacity value, MC, from a set of thermodynamic parameters drawn from both the tank system receiving the gas and the station supplying the gas. These thermodynamic parameters are utilized in a series of simple analytical equations to define a multi-step process by which target fill times, final temperatures and final pressures can be determined. The parameters can be communicated to the station directly from the vehicle or retrieved from a database accessible by the station. Because the method is based on direct measurements of actual thermodynamic conditions and quantified thermodynamic behavior, significantly improved tank filling results can be achieved.
대표청구항▼
1. A method of filling a compressed gas tank, the method comprising: calculating a hot soak initial temperature THSinit for an initial mass of gas within the tank;determining a projected fill time through THSinit that is predicted to produce a gas final temperature Tfinal no greater than a target te
1. A method of filling a compressed gas tank, the method comprising: calculating a hot soak initial temperature THSinit for an initial mass of gas within the tank;determining a projected fill time through THSinit that is predicted to produce a gas final temperature Tfinal no greater than a target temperature T;calculating an initial cold soak initial temperature TCSinit for an initial mass of gas within the tank;calculating for the tank a composite heat capacity value MC corresponding to heat transferred to the tank, a tank assembly, connection components and the initial mass of gas within the tank gas, while filling the tank;determining a target pressure Ptarget through TCSinit that is predicted to produce a target state of charge within the tank; anddelivering gas to the tank at a pressure ramp rate that will achieve Ptarget at the projected fill time. 2. The method of filling a compressed gas tank according to claim 1, wherein the calculating the MC comprises: calculating a composite heat capacity value MC according to at least one of the equations MC(U,t)=C+Aln(UadiabaticUinitial)+g(1-ⅇ-kΔt)j and MC(U,t)=C+A(UadiabaticUinitial)+g(1-ⅇ-kΔt)jwherein C, A, g, k and j are constants specific to the tank, Uinitial represents the initial internal energy of the initial volume of gas and Uadiabatic represents the adiabatic internal energy of a final mass of gas after filling the tank and Uadiabatic incorporates an adjustment for heat added connection components, Qconnector. 3. The method of filling a compressed gas tank according to claim 1, wherein the determining the fill time comprises: calculating an initial mass minit;calculating an additional mass madd necessary to achieve the state of charge of 100% within the tank;calculating the initial internal energy Uinitial;estimating the average enthalpy haverage to be delivered to the tank with the additional mass; andcalculating an adiabatic internal energy Uadiabatic and an adiabatic temperature Tadiabatic, andwherein the calculating the MC comprises calculating a composite heat capacity value MC according to the equation MC=C+AUadiabaticUinit+g(1-ⅇ-kΔt)jwherein C, A, g, k and j are constants specific to the tank. 4. The method of filling a compressed gas tank according to claim 3, comprising: determining the values C, A, g, k and j for the tank. 5. The method of filling a compressed gas tank according to claim 1, wherein calculating the MC comprises: calculating a composite heat capacity value MC according to the equation MC=C+AUadiabaticUinit+g(1-ⅇ-kΔt)jwherein C, A, g, k and j are constants specific to the tank, Uinitial is the initial internal energy of the initial volume of gas and Uadiabatic is the adiabatic internal energy of a final mass of gas after filling the tank to a state of charge of 100% and wherein Uadiabatic incorporates an adjustment for heat added by connection components, Qconnector. 6. The method of filling a compressed gas tank according to claim 1, wherein determining the target pressure Ptarget comprises calculating a cold initial mass minitC;calculating an additional mass madd necessary to achieve the state of charge of 100% within the tank;calculating the initial internal energy Uinitial;estimating the average enthalpy haverage to be delivered to the tank with the additional mass; andcalculating an adiabatic internal energy Uadiabatic, wherein Uadiabatic incorporates an adjustment for heat added by connection components, Qconnector; andcalculating an adiabatic temperature Tadiabatic,wherein the calculating the MC comprises calculating a composite heat capacity value MC according to the equation MC=C+AUadiabaticUinit+g(1-ⅇ-kΔt)j;wherein C, A, g, k and j are constants specific to the tank. 7. The method of filling a compressed gas tank according to claim 4, wherein determining the values C, A, g, k and j for the tank comprises performing a plurality of test fills of the tank to a state of charge of 100% at a target fill time, wherein the test fills encompass a plurality of initial fill pressures and a plurality of pre-cooling temperatures;calculating an end-of-fill MC for each test fill according to the equation MC=m2(uadiabatic-ufinal)(Tfinal-Tinitial)plotting MC against Uadiabatic/Uinitial and performing a best fit to determine the constant, C, and coefficient, A of the resulting curve;plotting ΔMC against Δt (time−target fill time) and performing a best fit model to the resulting curve to determine the coefficients g, k and j for the equation: ΔMC=g(1−e−kΔt)j. 8. The method of filling a compressed gas tank according to claim 7, wherein: a first initial pressure represents a state of charge of less than 10% within the tank; anda first pre-cooling temperature is an ambient temperature. 9. The method of filling a compressed gas tank according to claim 8, wherein: a second initial pressure represents a state of charge of about 50% within the tank; anda second pre-cooling temperature is less than 0° C. 10. The method of filling a compressed gas tank according to claim 7, wherein: a first initial pressure is 2 MPa and a second initial pressure represents a state of charge of at least about 50% within the tank; anda first pre-cooling temperature is an ambient temperature and a second pre-cooling temperature is −20° C. 11. A method of refueling a hydrogen tank on a hydrogen powered vehicle, the method comprising: calculating a hot soak initial temperature THSinit for an initial mass of gas within the tank;determining a projected fill time through THSinit that is predicted to produce a final hydrogen temperature Tfinal no greater than a target temperature T;calculating a cold soak initial temperature TCSinit for an initial mass of gas within the tank;calculating for the tank a composite heat capacity value MC corresponding to heat transferred to the tank, a tank assembly, connection components and the initial mass of gas within the tank gas, while filling the tank;determining a target pressure Ptarget through TCSinit that is predicted to produce a target state of charge; anddelivering gas to the tank at a pressure ramp rate that will achieve Ptarget at the projected fill time.
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