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An apparatus, comprising an engine, and an energy-management system configured to recirculate, at least in part, carbon dioxide relative to the engine in such a way that the carbon dioxide exchanges, at least in part, energy relative to the engine once the carbon dioxide is made to recirculate, at l

An apparatus, comprising an engine, and an energy-management system configured to recirculate, at least in part, carbon dioxide relative to the engine in such a way that the carbon dioxide exchanges, at least in part, energy relative to the engine once the carbon dioxide is made to recirculate, at least in part, along the energy-management system.

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1. A energy management apparatus for a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, comprising: a heat exchange structure at least partially surrounding the combustion chamber; anda cooling system including a pressurized carbon dioxide cooling medium,at least one pressure-reducing device,at

1. A energy management apparatus for a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, comprising: a heat exchange structure at least partially surrounding the combustion chamber; anda cooling system including a pressurized carbon dioxide cooling medium,at least one pressure-reducing device,at least one intake assembly connected between the pressure reducing device and the heat-exchange structure,a spray-generating device within each intake assembly, the spray-generating device introducing droplets of the cooling medium into the heat-exchange structure,at least one outlet assembly extending from the heat exchange structure being spaced apart from the intake assembly,a control system for controlling the temperature of the engine and the temperature and pressure of the cooling medium,a closed-loop circulation circuit conveying the carbon dioxide cooling medium from the at least one outlet assembly to the at least one pressure reducing device,wherein the mass flow of the cooling medium through the closed-loop circulation circuit is controlled by the at least one spray-generating device and the at least one pressure-reducing device under operational control of the control system. 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the engine is included in a movable vehicle. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a piston assembly which generates heat in the engine and the cooling system is positioned proximate to the piston assembly. 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the heat-exchange structure comprises micro-cavities which receive the carbon dioxide cooling medium. 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the heat-exchange structure comprises micro-channels which receive the carbon dioxide cooling medium. 6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cooling system includes a temperature sensor in thermal communication with the piston assembly and in signal communication with the control system, the temperature sensor transmits a signal to the control system indicating a reference set point value for the pressure-reducing device. 7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the cooling system includes a pressure sensor in a fluidic communication with the carbon dioxide cooling medium; and the temperature sensor configured to work co-operatively with the pressure sensor and with the pressure-reducing device to regulate the mass flow of the carbon dioxide cooling medium through the cooling system. 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the cooling system is operatively coupled to a first compressor assembly wherein the carbon dioxide cooling medium transports heat captured from the outlet assembly to the first compressor assembly, andthe first compressor assembly compresses the carbon dioxide cooling medium received from the cooling system at a pressure above a critical point for the carbon dioxide cooling medium. 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein: the first compressor assembly is operatively coupled to the heat exchange structure via a second compressor assembly,the carbon dioxide cooling medium passes through the heat exchange structure to a pressure-reducing gas expander in which kinetic energy from the heated carbon dioxide cooling medium is converted into mechanical energy used to rotate a rotating shaft, and the rotating shaft is configured to drive an energy-converting device. 10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein: the pressure-reducing gas expander expands the carbon dioxide cooling medium in a supercritical state and exhausts an expanded instance of the carbon dioxide to a gas cooler in which the expanded instance of the carbon dioxide cooling medium is at the pressure above a critical pressure of the carbon dioxide. 11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein: the gas cooler air cools the carbon dioxide to an environmental temperature above the critical pressure for the carbon dioxide; and exchanges thermal energy in the carbon dioxide cooling medium with the environment by dissipating heat due to relative motion of the gas cooler through air. 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein: the gas cooler is fluidly connected to the heat exchange structure, and the gas cooler further cools the carbon dioxide cooling medium leaving the heat exchange structure. 13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the cooling system connects to a gas-liquid separator wherein the carbon dioxide in a gaseous state is separated from the carbon dioxide in a liquid state. 14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the carbon dioxide cooling medium in the closed-loop circuit absorbs heat energy generated in the internal combustion engine by evaporative cooling. 15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the carbon dioxide cooling medium absorbs heat energy generated by additional sources of waste heat along the closed-loop circulation circuit. 16. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising a cabin-cooling loop connected to the closed-loop circulation circuit wherein the carbon dioxide cooling medium flows through the cabin-cooling loop and absorbs heat from a passenger cabin of a movable vehicle. 17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein the cabin-cooling loop is connected to the closed-loop circulation circuit at a fluid distribution connector and a low-pressure connector to return the carbon dioxide cooling medium to the closed-loop circulation circuit. 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the cabin-cooling loop further comprises a pressure-reducing device and a heat exchanger. 19. The apparatus of claim 17 further comprising a cooling loop connected to the closed-loop circulation circuit wherein the carbon dioxide cooling medium flows through the cooling loop and absorbs heat from a passenger cabin of a movable vehicle or delivers heat to the passenger cabin. 20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein cooling loop is connected to the closed-loop circulation circuit at the fluid distribution connector and the low-pressure connector to return the carbon dioxide cooling medium to the closed-loop circulation circuit. 21. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein the cooling loop further comprises a pressure-reducing device, and a heat exchanger. 22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein additional loops for cooling the vehicle are connected to the closed-loop circulation circuit at the fluid distribution connector and the low-pressure connector to return the carbon dioxide cooling medium to the closed-loop circulation circuit. 23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the cooling medium from all loops is combined into a single fluid flow of carbon dioxide cooling medium within the closed-loop circulation circuit and the single fluid flow of carbon dioxide cooling medium is directed into a pressure-reducing gas expander to recover heat energy from the cooling medium. 24. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising: a first compressor assembly;an intercooler; anda bypass valve;wherein upon power up of a vehicle, the first compressor assembly and intercooler circulate at least a portion of the carbon dioxide cooling medium by opening the bypass valve to permit heating and circulation of the carbon dioxide cooling medium until the components of the closed-loop circulation circuit are heated to a predetermined temperature set point value,the control system controls a heating rate of the components of the closed-loop circulation circuit. 25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein at least a portion of the carbon dioxide cooling medium is used to heat a cabin, a vehicle oil source, and a windshield washer fluid of a vehicle. 26. The apparatus of claim 14 further comprising: a temperature sensor; anda temperature feedback signal,wherein the control system modulates the mass flow of the carbon dioxide cooling medium with respect to feedback from the temperature feedback signal of the temperature sensor based on a vehicle's parameters set by the control system. 27. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the spray-generating device produces droplets of carbon dioxide cooling medium not more than 200 micrometers. 28. A method of cooling a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine with a heat-exchange structure at least partially surrounding the combustion chamber, the method consisting of: circulating a cooling medium containing carbon dioxide in a closed-loop circuit of a cooling system,dropping the pressure of the carbon dioxide cooling medium with a pressure-reducing device, and thereafter directing the carbon dioxide cooling medium into the heat-exchange structure partially surrounding the combustion chamber to draw the heat away from the combustion chamber.