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Kafe 바로가기국가/구분 | United States(US) Patent 등록 |
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국제특허분류(IPC7판) |
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출원번호 | US-0921640 (2013-06-19) |
등록번호 | US-9499766 (2016-11-22) |
발명자 / 주소 |
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출원인 / 주소 |
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대리인 / 주소 |
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인용정보 | 피인용 횟수 : 0 인용 특허 : 133 |
A composition that includes solid lubricant nanoparticles and an organic medium is disclosed. Also disclosed are nanoparticles that include layered materials. A method of producing a nanoparticle by milling layered materials is provided. Also disclosed is a method of making a lubricant, the method i
A composition that includes solid lubricant nanoparticles and an organic medium is disclosed. Also disclosed are nanoparticles that include layered materials. A method of producing a nanoparticle by milling layered materials is provided. Also disclosed is a method of making a lubricant, the method including milling layered materials to form nanoparticles and incorporating the nanoparticles into a base to form a lubricant.
1. A composition comprising: a plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 500 nm and an open architecture; andan organic medium bonded to the nanoparticles, wherein the bonds comprise a bond type selected from the group consisting of a complex bond
1. A composition comprising: a plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 500 nm and an open architecture; andan organic medium bonded to the nanoparticles, wherein the bonds comprise a bond type selected from the group consisting of a complex bond, an alloy bond, and a chemical bond, and wherein the nanoparticles are intercalated with the organic medium. 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are intercalated and encapsulated with the organic medium. 3. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are intercalated, encapsulated, and coated with the organic medium. 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein nanoparticles have an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 100 nm. 5. The composition of claim 1, wherein nanoparticles have an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 80 nm. 6. The composition of claim 1, wherein nanoparticles have an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 50 nm. 7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles, tungsten disulfide nanoparticles, boron nitride nanoparticles, graphite nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, and combinations of any thereof. 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles comprise at least one layered material comprising a chalcogenide. 9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the nanoparticles comprise molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles. 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic medium comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of oil mediums, grease mediums, alcohol mediums, composite oil, canola oil, vegetable oil, soybean oil, corn oil, ethyl and methyl esters of rapeseed oil, distilled monoglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of monoglycerides, organic acid esters of monoglycerides, sorbitan, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, hydrocarbon oils, n-hexadecane, phospholipids, dithiophosphates, and combinations of any thereof. 11. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic medium comprises an oil medium selected from the group consisting of composite oil, canola oil, vegetable oil, soybean oil, corn oil, hydrocarbon oil, and combinations of any thereof. 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic medium comprises a vegetable oil. 13. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic medium comprises canola oil. 14. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic material comprises a phospholipid. 15. The composition of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of nanoparticles to organic medium in the composition ranges from about 1:4 (0.25) to about 1:1.5 (0.67). 16. The composition of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of nanoparticles to organic medium in the composition ranges from about 1:3 (0.33) to about 1:1.5 (0.67). 17. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a solid lubricant material selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, soft metals, silver, lead, nickel, copper, cerium fluoride, zinc oxide, silver sulfate, cadmium iodide, lead iodide, barium fluoride, tin sulfide, zinc phosphate, zinc sulfide, mica, boron nitrate, borax, fluorinated carbon, zinc phosphide, boron, and combinations of any thereof. 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein the solid lubricant material comprises nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 500 nm. 19. The composition of claim 17, wherein the solid lubricant material comprises nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 100 nm. 20. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a base material, wherein the nanoparticles are dispersed in the base material. 21. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.25% to about 5% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 22. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 3% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 23. The composition of claim 20, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.75% to about 2% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 24. The composition of claim 20, wherein the base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of oil, grease, plastic, gel, wax, silicone, hydrocarbon oil, vegetable oil, corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, paraffin oil, synthetic oil, petroleum gel, petroleum grease, hydrocarbon gel, hydrocarbon grease, lithium based grease, fluoroether based grease, ethylenebistearamide, and combinations of any thereof. 25. The composition of claim 20, wherein the base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of an oil, a grease, a plastic, a gel, a wax, a silicone, and combinations of any thereof. 26. The composition of claim 20, wherein the base material comprises an oil or a grease. 27. The composition of claim 20, wherein the base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, paraffin oil, synthetic oil, petroleum grease, hydrocarbon grease, lithium based grease, and combinations of any thereof. 28. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an emulsifier. 29. The composition of claim 28, wherein the emulsifier comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lecithins, phospholipids, soy lecithins, detergents, distilled monoglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of monoglycerides, organic acid esters of monoglycerides, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, compounds containing phosphorous, compounds containing sulfur, compounds containing nitrogen, and combinations of any thereof. 30. The composition of claim 28, wherein the emulsifier comprises a compound containing phosphorous. 31. The composition of claim 28, wherein the emulsifier comprises a phospholipid. 32. The composition of claim 28, wherein the emulsifier comprises a lecithin. 33. The composition of claim 28, wherein a weight ratio of organic medium to emulsifier in the composition ranges from about 1:1 (1) to about 1:0.4 (2.5). 34. The composition of claim 28, wherein a weight ratio of organic medium to emulsifier in the composition ranges from about 1:1 (1) to about 1:0.5 (2). 35. The composition of claim 20, further comprising an emulsifier. 36. The composition of claim 35, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 37. The composition of claim 35, wherein the composition comprises from about 4% to about 8% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 38. The composition of claim 35, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 6% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 39. The composition of claim 35, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.75% to about 2.25% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 40. The composition of claim 35, wherein the composition comprises: from about 0.5% to about 10% emulsifier by weight of the composition; andfrom about 0.25% to about 5% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 41. The composition of claim 35, wherein the composition comprises: from about 5% to about 6% emulsifier by weight of the composition; andfrom about 0.5% to about 3% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 42. The composition of claim 35, wherein the composition comprises: from about 0.75% to about 2.25% emulsifier by weight of the composition; andfrom about 0.75% to about 2% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 43. The composition of claim 35, wherein the emulsifier comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lecithins, phospholipids, soy lecithins, detergents, distilled monoglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of monoglycerides, organic acid esters of monoglycerides, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, compounds containing phosphorous, compounds containing sulfur, compounds containing nitrogen, and combinations of any thereof. 44. The composition of claim 35, wherein the emulsifier comprises a compound containing phosphorous. 45. The composition of claim 35, wherein the emulsifier comprises a phospholipid. 46. The composition of claim 35, wherein the emulsifier comprises a lecithin. 47. The composition of claim 35, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 2 to about 7. 48. The composition of claim 35, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 3 to about 5. 49. The composition of claim 28, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 2 to about 7. 50. The composition of claim 28, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 3 to about 5. 51. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an antioxidant. 52. The composition of claim 51, wherein the antioxidant comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, alkylated phenols, alkyl amines, aryl amines, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 4,4′-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, tert-butyl hydroquinone, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate, phosphites, thioesters, and combinations of any thereof. 53. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an anticorrosion agent. 54. The composition of claim 53, wherein the anticorrosion agent comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal bisalkylphenolsulphonates, dithiophosphates, alkenyl succinic acid half-amides, and combinations thereof. 55. The composition of claim 1, further comprising at least one biocidal. 56. The composition of claim 55, wherein the biocidal comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of alkyl benzothiazole, hydroxylamine benzothiazole, an amine salt of an alkyl succinic acid, an amine salt of an alkenyl succinic acid, a partial alkyl ester of an alkyl succinic acid, a partial alkyl ester of an alkenyl succinic acid, and combinations of any thereof. 57. The composition of claim 1, wherein: the nanoparticles comprise molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles;the organic medium comprises a vegetable oil; andthe molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles are intercalated with the vegetable oil. 58. The composition of claim 57, wherein the molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles are intercalated and encapsulated with the vegetable oil. 59. The composition of claim 57, further comprising: a base comprising an oil or a grease; andan emulsifier comprising a phospholipid;wherein the molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles are dispersed in the base. 60. The composition of claim 59, wherein the emulsifier comprises a lecithin. 61. A lubricant comprising the composition of claim 1. 62. The lubricant of claim 61, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of a machinery lubricant, an aerospace lubricant, an automotive lubricant, a mining lubricant, an engine lubricant, a transmission lubricant, and a pump lubricant. 63. A coating comprising the composition of claim 1. 64. A composite material comprising a polymer and the composition of claim 1. 65. A composite material comprising a plastic and the composition of claim 1. 66. A method comprising adding the composition of claim 1 to a lubricant. 67. A method comprising adding the composition of claim 1 to a coating. 68. A method comprising lubricating an object with a lubricant comprising the composition of claim 1. 69. The method claim 68, wherein the object comprises at least one of machine tools, bearings, gears, camshafts, pumps, transmissions, piston rings, engines, power generators, pin-joints, aerospace systems, mining equipment, manufacturing equipment, inorganic-organic materials, or combinations of any thereof. 70. A method comprising coating an object with a coating comprising the composition of claim 1. 71. The method claim 70, wherein the object comprises at least one of machine tools, bearings, gears, camshafts, pumps, transmissions, piston rings, engines, power generators, pin-joints, aerospace systems, mining equipment, manufacturing equipment, inorganic-organic materials, or combinations of any thereof. 72. A lubricant composition comprising: a lubricant base material; andthe composition of claim 1;wherein the nanoparticles are dispersed in the lubricant base material. 73. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the nanoparticles are intercalated and encapsulated with the organic medium. 74. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein nanoparticles have an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 100 nm. 75. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein nanoparticles have an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 80 nm. 76. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein nanoparticles have an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 50 nm. 77. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the lubricant base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of oil, grease, wax, silicone, hydrocarbon oil, vegetable oil, corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, paraffin oil, synthetic oil, petroleum grease, hydrocarbon gel, hydrocarbon grease, lithium based grease, fluoroether based grease, and combinations of any thereof. 78. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the lubricant base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of an oil, a grease, a wax, a silicone, and combinations of any thereof. 79. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the lubricant base material comprises an oil or a grease. 80. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the lubricant base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, paraffin oil, synthetic oil, petroleum grease, hydrocarbon grease, lithium based grease, and combinations of any thereof. 81. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the nanoparticles are selected from the group consisting of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles, tungsten disulfide nanoparticles, boron nitride nanoparticles, graphite nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, and combinations of any thereof. 82. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the nanoparticles comprise at least one layered material comprising a chalcogenide. 83. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the nanoparticles comprise molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles. 84. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the organic medium comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of oil mediums, grease mediums, alcohol mediums, composite oil, canola oil, vegetable oil, soybean oil, corn oil, ethyl and methyl esters of rapeseed oil, distilled monoglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of monoglycerides, organic acid esters of monoglycerides, sorbitan, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, hydrocarbon oils, n-hexadecane, phospholipids, dithiophosphates, and combinations of any thereof. 85. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the organic medium comprises an oil medium selected from the group consisting of composite oil, canola oil, vegetable oil, soybean oil, corn oil, hydrocarbon oil, and combinations of any thereof. 86. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the organic medium comprises a vegetable oil. 87. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the organic medium comprises canola oil. 88. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the organic material comprises a phospholipid. 89. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein a weight ratio of nanoparticles to organic medium in the composition ranges from about 1:4 (0.25) to about 1:1.5 (0.67). 90. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein a weight ratio of nanoparticles to organic medium in the composition ranges from about 1:3 (0.33) to about 1:1.5 (0.67). 91. The lubricant composition of claim 72, further comprising a solid lubricant material selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, soft metals, silver, lead, nickel, copper, cerium fluoride, zinc oxide, silver sulfate, cadmium iodide, lead iodide, barium fluoride, tin sulfide, zinc phosphate, zinc sulfide, mica, boron nitrate, borax, fluorinated carbon, zinc phosphide, boron, and combinations of any thereof. 92. The lubricant composition of claim 91, wherein the solid lubricant material comprises nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 500 nm. 93. The lubricant composition of claim 91, wherein the solid lubricant material comprises nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 100 nm. 94. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.25% to about 5% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the lubricant base material. 95. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 3% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the lubricant base material. 96. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 2% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the lubricant base material. 97. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.75% to about 2% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the lubricant base material. 98. The lubricant composition of claim 72, further comprising an emulsifier. 99. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the emulsifier comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lecithins, phospholipids, soy lecithins, detergents, distilled monoglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of monoglycerides, organic acid esters of monoglycerides, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, compounds containing phosphorous, compounds containing sulfur, compounds containing nitrogen, and combinations of any thereof. 100. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the emulsifier comprises a compound containing phosphorous. 101. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the emulsifier comprises a phospholipid. 102. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the emulsifier comprises a lecithin. 103. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein a weight ratio of organic medium to emulsifier in the composition ranges from about 1:1 (1) to about 1:0.4 (2.5). 104. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein a weight ratio of organic medium to emulsifier in the composition ranges from about 1:1 (1) to about 1:0.5 (2). 105. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 106. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the composition comprises from about 4% to about 8% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 107. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 6% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 108. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.75% to about 2.25% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 109. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the composition comprises: from about 0.5% to about 10% emulsifier by weight of the composition; andfrom about 0.25% to about 5% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 110. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the composition comprises: from about 5% to about 6% emulsifier by weight of the composition; andfrom about 0.5% to about 3% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 111. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the composition comprises: from about 0.75% to about 2.25% emulsifier by weight of the composition; andfrom about 0.75% to about 2% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 112. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 2 to about 7. 113. The lubricant composition of claim 98, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 3 to about 5. 114. The lubricant composition of claim 72, further comprising an antioxidant. 115. The lubricant composition of claim 114, wherein the antioxidant comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, alkylated phenols, alkyl amines, aryl amines, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 4,4′-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, tert-butyl hydroquinone, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate, phosphites, thioesters, and combinations of any thereof. 116. The lubricant composition of claim 72, further comprising an anticorrosion agent. 117. The lubricant composition of claim 116, wherein the anticorrosion agent comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal bisalkylphenolsulphonates, dithiophosphates, alkenyl succinic acid half-amides, and combinations thereof. 118. The lubricant composition of claim 72, further comprising at least one biocidal. 119. The lubricant composition of claim 118, wherein the biocidal comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of alkyl benzothiazole, hydroxylamine benzothiazole, an amine salt of an alkyl succinic acid, an amine salt of an alkenyl succinic acid, a partial alkyl ester of an alkyl succinic acid, a partial alkyl ester of an alkenyl succinic acid, and combinations of any thereof. 120. The lubricant composition of claim 72, wherein: lubricant base material comprises an oil or a grease;the nanoparticles comprise molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles; andthe organic medium comprises a vegetable oil. 121. The lubricant composition of claim 120, wherein the molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles are intercalated and encapsulated with the vegetable oil. 122. The lubricant composition of claim 120, further comprising an emulsifier comprising a phospholipid. 123. The lubricant composition of claim 122, wherein the emulsifier comprises a lecithin. 124. The composition of claim 1, wherein: the nanoparticles comprise molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles; andthe organic medium comprises an oil medium intercalated in the nanoparticles. 125. The composition of claim 124, wherein the molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles have an open architecture. 126. The composition of claim 124, wherein the oil medium is bonded to the molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles, and wherein the bonds comprise a bond type selected from the group consisting of a complex bond, an alloy bond, and a chemical bond. 127. The composition of claim 124, wherein the molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles are intercalated and encapsulated with the oil medium. 128. The composition of claim 124, wherein the molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles are intercalated, encapsulated, and coated with the organic medium. 129. The composition of claim 124, wherein molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles have an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 100 nm. 130. The composition of claim 124, wherein molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles have an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 80 nm. 131. The composition of claim 124, wherein molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles have an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 50 nm. 132. The composition of claim 124, further comprising additional nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of tungsten disulfide nanoparticles, boron nitride nanoparticles, graphite nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, and combinations of any thereof. 133. The composition of claim 124, wherein the oil medium comprises at least one oil medium selected from the group consisting of composite oil, canola oil, vegetable oil, soybean oil, corn oil, hydrocarbon oil, and combinations of any thereof. 134. The composition of claim 124, wherein the oil medium comprises a vegetable oil. 135. The composition of claim 124, wherein the oil medium comprises canola oil. 136. The composition of claim 124, wherein a weight ratio of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles to oil medium in the composition ranges from about 1:4 (0.25) to about 1:1.5 (0.67). 137. The composition of claim 124, wherein a weight ratio of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles to oil medium in the composition ranges from about 1:3 (0.33) to about 1:1.5 (0.67). 138. The composition of claim 124, further comprising a solid lubricant material selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, soft metals, silver, lead, nickel, copper, cerium fluoride, zinc oxide, silver sulfate, cadmium iodide, lead iodide, barium fluoride, tin sulfide, zinc phosphate, zinc sulfide, mica, boron nitrate, borax, fluorinated carbon, zinc phosphide, boron, and combinations of any thereof. 139. The composition of claim 138, wherein the solid lubricant material comprises nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 500 nm. 140. The composition of claim 138, wherein the solid lubricant material comprises nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 100 nm. 141. The composition of claim 124, further comprising a base material, wherein the molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles are dispersed in the base material. 142. The composition of claim 141, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.25% to about 5% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 143. The composition of claim 141, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 3% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 144. The composition of claim 141, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.75% to about 2% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 145. The composition of claim 141, wherein the base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of oil, grease, plastic, gel, wax, silicone, hydrocarbon oil, vegetable oil, corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, paraffin oil, synthetic oil, petroleum gel, petroleum grease, hydrocarbon gel, hydrocarbon grease, lithium based grease, fluoroether based grease, ethylenebistearamide, and combinations of any thereof. 146. The composition of claim 141, wherein the base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of an oil, a grease, a plastic, a gel, a wax, a silicone, and combinations of any thereof. 147. The composition of claim 141, wherein the base material comprises an oil or a grease. 148. The composition of claim 141, wherein the base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, paraffin oil, synthetic oil, petroleum grease, hydrocarbon grease, lithium based grease, and combinations of any thereof. 149. The composition of claim 124, further comprising an emulsifier. 150. The composition of claim 149, wherein the emulsifier comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lecithins, phospholipids, soy lecithins, detergents, distilled monoglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of monoglycerides, organic acid esters of monoglycerides, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, compounds containing phosphorous, compounds containing sulfur, compounds containing nitrogen, and combinations of any thereof. 151. The composition of claim 149, wherein the emulsifier comprises a compound containing phosphorous. 152. The composition of claim 149, wherein the emulsifier comprises a phospholipid. 153. The composition of claim 149, wherein the emulsifier comprises a lecithin. 154. The composition of claim 149, wherein a weight ratio of organic medium to emulsifier in the composition ranges from about 1:1 (1) to about 1:0.4 (2.5). 155. The composition of claim 149, wherein a weight ratio of organic medium to emulsifier in the composition ranges from about 1:1 (1) to about 1:0.5 (2). 156. The composition of claim 149, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 2 to about 7. 157. The composition of claim 149, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 3 to about 5. 158. The composition of claim 141, further comprising an emulsifier. 159. The composition of claim 158, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 160. The composition of claim 158, wherein the composition comprises from about 4% to about 8% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 161. The composition of claim 158, wherein the composition comprises from about 5% to about 6% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 162. The composition of claim 158, wherein the composition comprises from about 0.75% to about 2.25% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 163. The composition of claim 158, wherein the composition comprises: from about 0.5% to about 10% emulsifier by weight of the composition; andfrom about 0.25% to about 5% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 164. The composition of claim 158, wherein the composition comprises: from about 5% to about 6% emulsifier by weight of the composition; andfrom about 0.5% to about 3% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 165. The composition of claim 158, wherein the composition comprises: from about 0.75% to about 2.25% emulsifier by weight of the composition; andfrom about 0.75% to about 2% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 166. The composition of claim 124, further comprising an antioxidant. 167. The composition of claim 166, wherein the antioxidant comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, alkylated phenols, alkyl amines, aryl amines, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 4,4′-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, tert-butyl hydroquinone, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate, phosphites, thioesters, and combinations of any thereof. 168. The composition of claim 124, further comprising an anticorrosion agent. 169. The composition of claim 168, wherein the anticorrosion agent comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal bisalkylphenolsulphonates, dithiophosphates, alkenyl succinic acid half-amides, and combinations thereof. 170. The composition of claim 124, further comprising at least one biocidal. 171. The composition of claim 170, wherein the biocidal comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of alkyl benzothiazole, hydroxylamine benzothiazole, an amine salt of an alkyl succinic acid, an amine salt of an alkenyl succinic acid, a partial alkyl ester of an alkyl succinic acid, a partial alkyl ester of an alkenyl succinic acid, and combinations of any thereof. 172. A lubricant comprising the composition of claim 124. 173. The lubricant of claim 169, wherein the lubricant is selected from the group consisting of a machinery lubricant, an aerospace lubricant, an automotive lubricant, a mining lubricant, an engine lubricant, a transmission lubricant, and a pump lubricant. 174. A coating comprising the composition of claim 124. 175. A method of making a nanoparticle composition comprising: (a) dry milling a solid lubricant until the dry milled solid lubricant comprises nanoparticles having an average particle dimension less than or equal to about 500 nm; and(b) then wet milling the nanoparticles in an organic medium until at least a portion of the nanoparticles have an open architecture and comprise the organic medium bonded to the nanoparticles, wherein the bonds comprise a bond type selected from the group consisting of a complex bond, an alloy bond, and a chemical bond, and wherein the nanoparticles are wet milled until at least a portion of the nanoparticles are intercalated with the organic medium. 176. The method of claim 175, wherein the solid lubricant is dry milled until the nanoparticles have an average particle dimension less than or equal to about 100 nm. 177. The method of claim 175, wherein the solid lubricant is selected from the group consisting of molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, boron nitride, graphite, copper, and combinations of any thereof. 178. The method of claim 175, wherein the solid lubricant comprises at least one layered material comprising a chalcogenide. 179. The method of claim 175, wherein the solid lubricant comprises molybdenum disulfide. 180. The method of claim 175, wherein the organic medium comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of oil mediums, grease mediums, alcohol mediums, composite oil, canola oil, vegetable oil, soybean oil, corn oil, ethyl and methyl esters of rapeseed oil, distilled monoglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of monoglycerides, organic acid esters of monoglycerides, sorbitan, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, hydrocarbon oils, n-hexadecane, phospholipids, dithiophosphates, and combinations of any thereof. 181. The method of claim 175, wherein the organic medium comprises an oil medium selected from the group consisting of composite oil, canola oil, vegetable oil, soybean oil, corn oil, hydrocarbon oil, and combinations of any thereof. 182. The method of claim 175, wherein the organic medium comprises a vegetable oil. 183. The method of claim 175, wherein the organic medium comprises canola oil. 184. The method of claim 175, wherein the organic material comprises a phospholipid. 185. The method of claim 175, wherein a weight ratio of nanoparticles to organic medium in the wet milling step ranges from about 1:4 (0.25) to about 1:1.5 (0.67). 186. The method of claim 175, wherein a weight ratio of nanoparticles to organic medium in the wet milling step ranges from about 1:3 (0.33) to about 1:1.5 (0.67). 187. The method of claim 175, further comprising adding at least one additional solid lubricant at step (a), step (b), or steps (a) and (b), the additional solid lubricant comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, soft metals, silver, lead, nickel, copper, cerium fluoride, zinc oxide, silver sulfate, cadmium iodide, lead iodide, barium fluoride, tin sulfide, zinc phosphate, zinc sulfide, mica, boron nitrate, borax, fluorinated carbon, zinc phosphide, boron, and combinations of any thereof. 188. The method of claim 175, further comprising adding the wet milled nanoparticles into a base material. 189. The method of claim 188, wherein the nanoparticles are added to the base material to form a composition comprising from about 0.25% to about 5% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 190. The method of claim 188, wherein the nanoparticles are added to the base material to form a composition comprising from about 0.5% to about 3% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 191. The method of claim 188, wherein the nanoparticles are added to the base material to form a composition comprising from about 0.27% to about 2% nanoparticles by weight of the composition dispersed in the base material. 192. The method of claim 188, wherein the base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of oil, grease, plastic, gel, wax, silicone, hydrocarbon oil, vegetable oil, corn oil, peanut oil, canola oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, paraffin oil, synthetic oil, petroleum gel, petroleum grease, hydrocarbon gel, hydrocarbon grease, lithium based grease, fluoroether based grease, ethylenebistearamide, and combinations of any thereof. 193. The method of claim 188, wherein the base material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of an oil, a grease, a plastic, a gel, a wax, a silicone, and combinations of any thereof. 194. The method of claim 188, wherein the base material comprises an oil or a grease. 195. The method of claim 188, wherein the base comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of mineral oil, paraffin oil, synthetic oil, petroleum grease, hydrocarbon grease, lithium based grease, and combinations of any thereof. 196. The method of claim 188, further comprising adding an emulsifier to the base material. 197. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier is added to the base material before the wet milled nanoparticles are added to the base material. 198. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier is added to the base material after the wet milled nanoparticles are added to the base material. 199. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier and the wet milled nanoparticles are added to the base material simultaneously. 200. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of lecithins, phospholipids, soy lecithins, detergents, distilled monoglycerides, monoglycerides, diglycerides, acetic acid esters of monoglycerides, organic acid esters of monoglycerides, sorbitan esters of fatty acids, propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, polyglycerol esters of fatty acids, compounds containing phosphorous, compounds containing sulfur, compounds containing nitrogen, and combinations of any thereof. 201. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier comprises a compound containing phosphorous. 202. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier comprises a phospholipid. 203. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier comprises a lecithin. 204. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier is added to the base material to form a composition comprising from about 0.5% to about 10% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 205. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier is added to the base material to form a composition comprising from about 4% to about 8% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 206. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier is added to the base material to form a composition comprising from about 5% to about 6% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 207. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier is added to the base material to form a composition comprising from about 0.75% to about 2.25% emulsifier by weight of the composition. 208. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 2 to about 7. 209. The method of claim 196, wherein the emulsifier has a hydrophilic-lipophillic balance from about 3 to about 5. 210. The method of claim 175, further comprising adding at least one additive at step (a), step (b), or steps (a) and (b), the additive comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of antioxidant, anticorrosion agents, and biocidals. 211. The method of claim 210, wherein the additive comprises an antioxidant selected from the group consisting of hindered phenols, alkylated phenols, alkyl amines, aryl amines, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 4,4′-di-tert-octyldiphenylamine, tert-butyl hydroquinone, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate, phosphites, thioesters, and combinations of any thereof. 212. The method of claim 210, wherein the additive comprises an anticorrosion agent selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal bisalkylphenolsulphonates, dithiophosphates, alkenyl succinic acid half-amides, and combinations thereof. 213. The method of claim 210, wherein the additive comprises a biocidal selected from the group consisting of alkyl benzothiazole, hydroxylamine benzothiazole, an amine salt of an alkyl succinic acid, an amine salt of an alkenyl succinic acid, a partial alkyl ester of an alkyl succinic acid, a partial alkyl ester of an alkenyl succinic acid, and combinations of any thereof. 214. A method comprising: lubricating an object with a nanoparticle composition, the nanoparticle composition comprising: a plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 500 nm and an open architecture; andan organic medium bonded to the nanoparticles, wherein the bonds comprise a bond type selected from the group consisting of a complex bond, an alloy bond, and a chemical bond, and wherein the nanoparticles are intercalated with the organic medium. 215. A method comprising: coating an object with a nanoparticle composition, the nanoparticle composition comprising: a plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 500 nm and an open architecture; andan organic medium bonded to the nanoparticles, wherein the bonds comprise a bond type selected from the group consisting of a complex bond, an alloy bond, and a chemical bond, and wherein the nanoparticles are intercalated with the organic medium. 216. A method comprising: delivering an agent to an object with a nanoparticle composition, the nanoparticle composition comprising: the agent;a plurality of nanoparticles having an average particle dimension of less than or equal to about 500 nm and an open architecture; andan organic medium bonded to the nanoparticles, wherein the bonds comprise a bond type selected from the group consisting of a complex bond, an alloy bond, and a chemical bond, and wherein the nanoparticles are intercalated with the organic medium. 217. The composition of claim 1, wherein the organic medium is bonded to the nanoparticles to form an additive package.
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