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An automated, ultra-low temperature freezer having multiple structural features that reduce heat transfer into the freezer, protect its internal mechanical devices against low temperature mechanical binding of their movements, allow defrosting and autoclaving as a result of only minimal changes to t

An automated, ultra-low temperature freezer having multiple structural features that reduce heat transfer into the freezer, protect its internal mechanical devices against low temperature mechanical binding of their movements, allow defrosting and autoclaving as a result of only minimal changes to the conventional CO2 emergency backup system. A group of freezers are arranged so they can simultaneously provide an HVAC function. A vial management system allows biological samples or vials to be automatically placed in and recovered from the freezer and associates the temperature history with each sample or vial that it was subjected to during its storage.

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1. An ultra-low temperature freezer for operating at a temperature below −50 degrees C. and having an enclosed cabinet including a surrounding wall of thermal foam insulation having an interior side and an exterior side and a refrigerating apparatus, the freezer comprising: (a) a thermosiphon connec

1. An ultra-low temperature freezer for operating at a temperature below −50 degrees C. and having an enclosed cabinet including a surrounding wall of thermal foam insulation having an interior side and an exterior side and a refrigerating apparatus, the freezer comprising: (a) a thermosiphon connected to the refrigerating apparatus and containing a two phase refrigerant, the thermosiphon comprising a tube wound in turns along the interior side of the thermal foam insulation;(b) a plurality of rotatable trays within the cabinet and inwardly of the thermosiphon for supporting contents stored in the freezer;(c) one or more cavities formed in and surrounded by the thermal foam insulation, the cavities being located exteriorly of the thermosiphon and interiorly of the exterior side of the thermal foam insulation at a location where the temperature is warmer than within the freezer and having a temperature gradient across the cavities; and(d) a plurality of tray drives, each drive including a controlled position motor mounted in one of said one or more cavities, each motor being drivingly linked to a rotatable tray for driving the tray in rotation to a selected angular displacement. 2. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 1 wherein each said cavity is surrounded on all sides with foam insulation and the motors are in staggered positions between turns of the thermosiphon tube and have drive chains passing through the foam insulation and between turns of the thermosiphon tube and around at least a portion of a carousel tray for driving the trays in rotation. 3. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 2 wherein each tray has a radial slot and the drive chain for each tray extends angularly around a portion of the tray from an anchored position on one side of the slot, around a sprocket attached to the motor that is drivingly linked to the tray and then around a further portion of the tray to an anchored position at the other side of the slot. 4. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 3 wherein the refrigerating apparatus is a free piston Stirling cycle cooling engine. 5. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 4 wherein the one or more cavities are a plurality of individual cavities, at least one said cavity for each motor. 6. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 3 and further comprising an access portal through the surrounding wall having a door as a closure for the portal, the access portal and its door having a surface area that is less than 0.5% of the total internal surface area of the freezer. 7. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 6 wherein the access portal and its door have a surface area that is less than 0.3% of the total internal surface area of the freezer. 8. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 7 wherein the access portal and its door have a surface area that is less than 0.1% of the total internal surface area of the freezer. 9. An ultra-low temperature freezer for operating at a temperature below −50 degrees C. and having an enclosed cabinet including a surrounding wall of thermal foam insulation having an interior side and an exterior side and a refrigerating apparatus, the freezer comprising: (a) a plurality of rotatable trays within the cabinet for supporting contents stored in the freezer and inwardly of a thermosiphon on the interior side of the thermal foam insulation;(b) a plurality of tray drives, each tray drive including a controlled position motor mounted in a cavity in and surrounded by the thermal foam insulation and located exteriorly of the thermosiphon and interiorly of the exterior side of the thermal foam insulation at a location where the temperature is warmer than within the freezer and having a temperature gradient across the cavities, each motor being drivingly linked to a rotatable tray for driving the tray in rotation to a selected angular displacement. 10. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 9 wherein the motors are in vertically staggered positions and each has a drive chain passing around at least a portion of a carousel tray for driving the trays in rotation. 11. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 10 wherein each tray has a radial slot and the drive chain for each tray extends angularly around a portion of the tray from an anchored position on one side of the slot, around a sprocket attached to the motor that is drivingly linked to the tray and then around a further portion of the tray to an anchored position at the other side of the slot. 12. An ultra-low temperature freezer in accordance with claim 11 wherein the refrigerating apparatus is a free piston Stirling cycle cooling engine.