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A solar energy converter comprising: a solar energy absorber, the solar energy absorber comprising a photovoltaic element; a heat transfer element in thermal contact with the solar energy absorber; a primary heat exchanger in thermal contact with the heat transfer element; a secondary heat exchanger

A solar energy converter comprising: a solar energy absorber, the solar energy absorber comprising a photovoltaic element; a heat transfer element in thermal contact with the solar energy absorber; a primary heat exchanger in thermal contact with the heat transfer element; a secondary heat exchanger; and a heat transfer control element; wherein the heat transfer control element is arranged to selectively place the secondary heat exchanger either in thermal contact with the heat transfer element or out of thermal contact with the heat transfer element.

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1. A solar energy converter comprising: a solar energy absorber, the solar energy absorber comprising a photovoltaic element;a heat transfer element in thermal contact with the photovoltaic element of the solar energy absorber; anda liquid within the heat transfer element;wherein the heat transfer e

1. A solar energy converter comprising: a solar energy absorber, the solar energy absorber comprising a photovoltaic element;a heat transfer element in thermal contact with the photovoltaic element of the solar energy absorber; anda liquid within the heat transfer element;wherein the heat transfer element comprises:a first sheet having a first inner surface and a second sheet having a second inner surface;a partition having first and second outer surfaces and located between the first and second inner surfaces so as to define a plurality of first fluid flow passages between the first inner surface and the first outer surface and a plurality of second fluid flow passages between the second inner surface and the second outer surface; anda third surface arranged to be in thermal contact with the liquid in the first fluid flow passages;wherein the photovoltaic element and the first fluid flow passages are on opposite sides of the first sheet;wherein the heat transfer element is configured and arranged so that heat energy from the third surface causes a portion of the liquid in the first fluid flow passages to vaporize to form vapor;wherein the heat transfer element is further configured and arranged so that the vapor travels upwardly along the first fluid flow passages by way of a rolling boil such that the vapor drives a circulation of non-vaporized portions of the liquid from the plurality of second fluid flow passages to the first fluid flow passages, upwardly along the first fluid flow passages to the plurality of second fluid flow passages, and then downwardly along the plurality of second fluid flow passages;wherein each of the first fluid flow passages extends in a direction of the circulation of the non-vaporized portions of the liquid through the first fluid flow passages;wherein the first sheet is bonded to the partition between each adjacent first fluid flow passage and the second sheet is bonded to the partition between each adjacent second fluid flow passage; andwhereby the heat transfer element is arranged to transfer heat energy away from the photovoltaic element to cool the photovoltaic element. 2. A solar energy converter according to claim 1, wherein the solar energy absorber is located within an envelope. 3. The solar energy converter according to claim 2, wherein the envelope is a tube. 4. The solar energy converter according to claim 3, wherein the envelope has a circular cross-section. 5. A solar energy converter according claim 2, wherein the envelope is at least partially transparent. 6. The solar energy converter according to claim 2, wherein the envelope is at least partially evacuated. 7. The solar energy converter according to claim 2, wherein the envelope is at a pressure of 10−3 mbar or less. 8. The solar energy converter according to 2, wherein the envelope is at a pressure of 10−6 mbar or less. 9. The solar energy converter according to claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic element comprises a semiconductor material. 10. The solar energy converter according to claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic element comprises silicon. 11. The solar energy converter according to claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic element comprises gallium arsenide. 12. The solar energy converter of claim 1, wherein the first sheet is bonded to the partition and the second sheet is bonded to the partition by solder, welding, or adhesive. 13. The solar energy converter according to claim 1, further comprising: a first heat exchanger, wherein the first heat exchanger is in thermal contact with the heat transfer element;a second heat exchanger; anda heat transfer control element configured to selectively place the second heat exchanger in thermal contact with the heat transfer element. 14. The solar energy converter according to claim 13, wherein the first heat exchanger is arranged to transfer heat from the heat transfer element to a first fluid. 15. The solar energy converter according to claim 14, wherein the first fluid is water. 16. The solar energy converter according to claim 15, wherein the second heat exchanger is arranged to transfer heat from the heat transfer element to a second fluid. 17. The solar energy converter according to claim 16, wherein the second fluid is air. 18. The solar energy converter according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer control element is arranged to selectively place the second heat exchanger either in thermal contact with the heat transfer element or out of thermal contact with the heat transfer element in response to a sensed temperature. 19. The solar energy converter according to claim 18, wherein the sensed temperature is a temperature of the first heat exchanger. 20. The solar energy converter according to claim 13, further comprising a third fluid flow passage in fluid communication with the heat transfer element that extends through the first heat exchanger and into the second heat exchanger. 21. The solar energy converter according to claim 13, wherein the heat transfer control element is arranged to selectively block the liquid in the heat transfer control element from reaching the second heat exchanger.